The role of nuclear diplomacy in global security architecture: strategic approaches in the 21st century [Articol]

Abstract

In the 21st century, nuclear diplomacy has re-emerged as a critical component of global security governance amidst growing geopolitical tensions, technological advancements, and the erosion of key arms control agreements. The end of the Cold War did not eliminate the threat of nuclear weapons; instead, it transformed the nature of the threat-from bipolar deterrence to a multipolar and increasingly unstable strategic landscape. This paper explores the evolving role of nuclear diplomacy in maintaining international peace and preventing nuclear escalation in an era marked by the resurgence of great power competition, regional proliferation risks, and the breakdown of trust in multilateral institutions. The research focuses on three interrelated dimensions: 1. The transformation of classical nuclear deterrence theory in the context of emerging technologies such as hypersonic weapons, AI-based decision-making, and cyber operations; 2. The diplomatic challenges posed by non-state actors and rogue states, particularly in the cases of North Korea and Iran; 3. The role of international organizations and treaties - including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW)- in shaping the future of nuclear governance. Through comparative analysis and policyoriented assessment, this study highlights the urgent need for revitalized multilateral diplomacy, confidence-building measures, and the modernization of verification mechanisms. The paper argues that effective nuclear diplomacy must balance strategic deterrence with disarmament efforts and be grounded in inclusive, rules-based international cooperation. Only through renewed dialogue and innovation in diplomatic practice can the international community address the complex risks of nuclear confrontation and ensure long-term global security.