2. Articole
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Item Aplicarea directă a reglementărilor internaţionale în materia drepturilor omului(Academia de Administrație Publică, 2014) Balan, Oleg; Sârcu, DianaA distinctive trait characteristic for a range of international instruments with both universal and regional application, wich are especially devoted to the fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to human society, is applicable directly to the provisions contained by them in the legal systems of the Contracting States, in such a manner that the text of the international treaty becomes a component of the national legal system, having immediate judicial effect.Item Consecinţele neexecutării actului jurisdicţional internaţional(S.C. Elan-Poligraf SRL, 2013-05-20) Sârcu, DianaNon execution of judgments delivered by the International Court of Justice represents a distinct gravity because it refers to the sensible question of court’s efficiency. As a general rule, states are obliged to execute the provisions settled in the judgments held by the ICJ. Though the non-execution can be justified through the point of view of practical international relationships, it can never be excused from the perspective of international public law from mere point of view that a refusal to execute a final boundary decision is a violation of law and engages the responsibility of the culpable state.Item Contribuţia actului jurisdicţional internaţional la dezvoltarea dreptului internaţional public(Academia de Administrație Publică, 2012-05-22) Sârcu, DianaThe function that is characteristic of the judicial act in contributing to the development of Public International Law concerns the implementation phase of the international legal norms and has no direct impact on the normative-legal stage, which is an exclusive prerogative conferred to the states and international organizations as plenipotentiary subjects in the frame of international relations. However, we find that, in the process of analyzing the function of contribution to the development of International Law, the document issued by an international court is based on the principles of coherent development of the released jurisprudence and the degree of opposability of the judgments that may be invoked in respect of third parties (depending on the nature of the case). In this perspective, the judicial statement of an international tribunal, acquires a different meaning and importance for the contemporary legal order.Item Măsurile întreprinse de state în procesul executării hotărârilor Curţii Europene a Drepturilor Omului(2019) Sârcu, Diana; Șiman, CorinaUrmare a pronunţării hotărârilor de constatare a unor încălcări de către Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului, statele vizate, datorită forţei obligatorii a acestor acte jurisdicţionale, întreprind măsuri cu caracter individual şi general potrivite pentru a implementa concluziile Curţii. Aceste două categorii de măsuri reprezintă acţiuni indispensabile şi imperative puse pe seama statului reclamat întru înlăturarea încălcării Convenţiei pentru apărarea drepturilor omului şi a libertăţilor fundamentale, precum şi prevenirea noilor încălcări similare, deosebindu-se în mod esenţial, prin specificul fiecăreia şi natura impactului produs.Item Epuizarea căilor de recurs interne și principiul subsidiarității prin prisma Convenției Europene a Drepturilor Omului(2016) Sârcu, Diana; Antohi, LeonidConvenția europeană a drepturilor omului stabilește anumite criterii de admisibilitate a cererii depuse de către indivizi sau state, printre care epuizarea căilor de recurs interne are un caracter principal. Regula în cauză presupune situația că înainte ca o plângere să fie adresată jurisdicțiilor internaționale, reclamantul trebuie să o depună la instanțele judecătorești interne cu scopul de a înceta încălcarea și/sau a obține repararea acesteia din urmă. Prin urmare, doar dacă toate căile de recurs intern sunt epuizate și cererea rămâne în continuare nesoluționată, persoana poate să sesizeze Curtea Europeană a Drepturilor Omului. Principiul în cauză este indisolubil legat de cel al subsidiarității mecanismului european de protecție, în conformitate cu care statele-părți la Convenție beneficiază de abilități primordiale să se pronunțe asupra plângerilor adresate, iar magistratul internațional intervine doar în situația în care carențele nu au fost pe deplin remediate la nivel intern. În prezentul demers științific autorii au fost interesați să demonstreze importanța criteriului de epuizare a căilor de recurs interne, precum și să scoată în evidență conexiunea acestuia cu principiul fundamental al subsidiarității, făcând referințe multiple la diverse spețe soluționate de Curtea Europeană și fosta Comisie Europeană a Drepturilor omului.Item Interzicerea armei nucleare – o sarcină primordială a lumii contemporane(2013) Balan, Oleg; Sârcu, DianaThe nuclear weapons ban represents a stringent task in the today world. There are still sufficient states which support the necessity of nuclear weapons possessing in order to guarantee and assure international peace and security, this fact not corresponding any more to the situation we presently face. In a world where nuclear energy is used also in non peaceful goal, there cannot be safety and peace, atomic arms being a continuing danger for the mere existence of the mankind. The nuclear weapons ban is a complex process characterized by specific periods of adopting of different international imperatives acts, they being more than 10, which for more than half of century eager to stop the nuclear proliferation and to edify a world with no nuclear weapons. Well, till there are states concerned in maintaining of their nuclear power, the nuclear arms ban is more fictive than real.Item Rolul actului jurisdicţional internaţional(2012) Sârcu, DianaDue to their variety, international judicial acts have an important role in the international law sources system leading to the realization of the fundamental functions of law. Through its functions, the international judicial act has an outstanding effect on the maintenance of international peace and security, prevention and punishment of international crimes and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Nowadays the peaceful means of international disputes settlement both in practice of international relations and in theory of international law are really various in order to achieve the proposed tasks. The settlement of international disputes by peaceful means represents a basic principle of international relations which offers needed criteria and opportunities to states of the world to achieve a rapid and reasonable solution according to international law with good faith and effective cooperation. What about the role to prevent and punish international crimes, the acts including adopted sentences emitted by the International Criminal Court (ICC), which is the first and unique permanent specialized criminal tribunal, are directed to punish the already committed the most serious international criminal offences, as well as to prevent the commitment of future ones. In a clear manner international ad-hoc tribunals had a substantial influence upon the promotion and factual realization of that role, but only the ICC is engaged to build a new international society conscious of the irreversible consequences of international crimes committing. The role of protection of fundamental rights and freedoms inherent to a human being is also specific to judicial acts, an international tribunal being competent to decide upon a case concerning a violation of any guaranteed right, the adopted decision this way having the authority res judicata. Case law of international courts being not uniform as a concept and contents reflects the real degree of human rights respect in the whole international society and represents an important acquis leading to uniformity of fundamental concepts from diverse legal systems.Item Conceptul de date cu caracter personal şi categoriile de date personale protejate în cadrul Consiliului Europei(2011) Sârcu, Diana; Rusu, ValentinaWhereas law is a complex and dynamic system, responsive to the historic, social, economic and other changes, legal doctrine has the role to reflect these changes continuously and to point out new concepts and legal institutions. However, there are some areas or sensitive issues that generate ambiguity, in that it exceeds the legal doctrine evolution speed. One such issue is the personal data. The concept of personal data is relatively new for the legal theory, but a challenging one. The notion rather tends to be assumed than closely analyzed and the ambiguities related to this concept continue to make differences between the implementation of national protection regimes. Nowadays, when we can feel technological capabilities, which allow people to change, through social networking sites, so easy information about their preferences and behaviour, to make them public and accessible worldwide, when “cloud computing” presents a real danger of losing control of potentially sensitive information, when processing personal data operators and such data carriers proliferate, when human beings are continuously scanned, filmed, becomes urgent the need to define the area of private life and data concerning individuals. International acts, as well as the national regulations are designed in a general manner in order to cover all personal data and to offer an efficient protection of privacy. The international legal instruments prepared by the Council of Europe in the field of data protection, is the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Data Protection Convention (commonly known as Convention 108), the Amendments to this Convention and its Additional Protocol, as well as the fifteen recommendations adopted by the Committee of Ministers, have a broad scope of application, justified by the need to ensure the effective protection of private live and personal data. These instruments protect all the personal data as a whole, without defining certain categories of such data. Particular personal data, like name, ethnic origin, health state, sexual identity, images, videos, information transferred through electronic mail, political views, finger prints etc. were emphasized in the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) case-law. It is worth to be noted the dynamic character of the ECHR case-law that does not hesitate to highlight new categories of personal data. However, ECHR case-law is also unpredictable, and it would be difficult to draw up a list of certain data that are to be considered personal in any context. Recent developments towards modernization of Convention 108 and reformation of EU data protection regime take into consideration the technological challenges and pay a special attention to sensitive data, but do not focus on the concept of personal data and its varieties. The approach seems to remain the same: a general definition and no classifications, with the aim to cover any possible personal data. Therefore, a new approach is strongly recommended, namely to confer clarity to the concept of personal data, to delimitate, to the possible extent, certain categories of such data and, where necessary, relevant criteria for the identification of personal data falling inside and outside the scope of protection. Moreover, enhancing the common understanding of the key concept of personal data is crucial for a better implementation of data protection regimes.Item Specificul jurisprudenţei curţii europene a drepturilor omului în speţele de whistle – Blowing(2011) Sârcu, Diana; Nica, AlexandraЕвропейский Cуд по правам человека развил особенную юриспруденцию по делам о разоблачении служебной информации служащими и/или работниками государственных и частных учреждений, включив их в категорию лиц, обладающих защитой гарантируемой 10 ст. Европейской конвенции о защите прав человека и основных свобод. Понятие разоблачения служебной информации („whistle - blowing”), предполагает разглашение широкой общественности конфиденциальной и/или секретной информации работодателя работниками государственных и частных учреждений. Для практики Европейского суда данное понятие является относительно новым. Первое решение против Молдовы о защите государственного служащего – руководителя пресс-службы Генеральной прокуратуры, передавшего газетному изданию письма компрометирующего свойства вице-председателя Парламента, было принято в 2008 г. (Гужа против Молдовы), ему предшествовал пересмотр практики Суда. Для данного явления характерно отсутствие в большинстве государств-членов Совета Европы комплексного законодательства о защите разоблачителей, хотя многие нормы, отражающие различные аспекты их деятельности, нашли свое отражение в законах, регулирующих трудовые отношения, уголовный процесс, деятельность СМИ, и в конкретных мерах по борьбе с коррупцией. Это характерно и для Республики Молдова, где не существует отдельной законодательной базы, регламентирующей положение служебных разоблачителей, их права и обязанности, возможные и обязательные гарантии, предоставленные им; а также обеспечивающей защиту прав лиц затрагиваемых разоблачением. В Резолюции 1729 (2010) Совета Европы, Парламентская Ассамблея призывает все государства-члены провести анализ своего законодательства о защите разоблачителей, руководствуясь определенными принципами, направленными на создание и развитие кодифицированных норм о защите разоблачителей, наказании за недобросовестные обвинения, надлежащим расследовании разоблаченных проблем, регулировании использования внутренних и внешних каналов для разоблачения, а также других аспектов этого явления. Данная Резолюция относится также и к Республике Молдова. В деле Гужа Европейский Суд обозначил 6 основополагающих критериев и/или принципов всестороннего анализа ввиду установления адекватной степени защиты разоблачителю служебной информации. Эти критерии до недавнего времени применялись по умолчанию и к делам о разоблачении служебной информации работниками частного негосударственного сектора. В решении по делу Хайниш против Германии (от 21 июля 2011 г.), где заявителем был медицинский работник учреждения по уходу за престарелыми людьми, Суд прямо указал на применение принципов защиты разоблачителя, установленных в своей практике, по отношению к работникам частного сектора. Таким образом, Европейский Суд не разделяет разоблачителей служебной информации по признаку принадлежности к государственным или частным структурам, обе категории лиц обладают равной степенью защиты. Суд придерживается следующих критериев и/или принципов анализа для установления адекватной степени защиты: общественный интерес к информации преданной гласности, возможность заявителя использовать альтернативные каналы для предания информации гласности, подлинность обнародованной информации, вред причиненный работодателю, добросовестное поведение заявителя, суровость наложенного взыскания.Item Elaborarea actului jurisdicţional internaţional(2010) Sârcu, DianaПод актом международной юрисдикции понимается вынесенный международным судом заключительный акт или эпилог, являющийся результатом анализа всех обстоятельств дела, фактических и юридических,после того как были исчерпаны все этапы международной процедуры. Как правило, юрисдикционная процедура зависит от специфики каждого судебного органа. Она регулируется уставом международной юрисдикции и внутренним регламентом. В основном, между- народная юрисдикция включает в себя обычное судебное разбирательство по существу, и может прибегнуть к допольнттельным процедурам. Только после завершения стадии разбирательства, т.е. после тщательного и всестороннего анализа всех материалов, представленных сторонами, анализа доказательств, слушания сторон и других участников процесса, международный трибунал удаляется на совещание для обсуждения и вынесения решения. Принятое им решение впоследствии придаётся публичной огласке. Обсуждения по вынесению судебного решения являются закрытыми и протекают согласно специально установленным правилам, характерными для каждого трибунала в отдельности. Их цель – предоставление каждому судьи возможности непосредственно участвовать в принятии коллективного решения суда. Судебные решения, как правило, принимаются большинством голосов, в случае равенства голосов, голос председательствующего имеет преимущественную силу. Поскольку решения принимаются большинством голосов (а иногда, в соответствии с Уставом суда, абсолютным большинством голосов), этого достичь достаточно сложно, особенно, если суд состоит из большого числа членов. Красноречивым примером можно считать Международный суд ООН, регламент которого включает комплексные правила, дополненные практическими директивами. Учитывая, что суды, как правило, не назначают специального докладчика по выносимому решению, разработка акта из-за возросшей сложности ведения переговоров, чаще всего испытывает большие трудности