2. Articole
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Item Evaluarea climatică și agroclimatică a iernilor anomale din Republica Moldova pentru ultimele două decenii [Articol](CEP USM, 2021) Domenco, Rodion; Boian, IlieÎn studiul de față, în baza prelucrării și analizei statistice (cu ajutorul programelor statistice moderne) a datelor factologice pentru ultimii 50 de ani, a fost efectuată caracterizarea climatică și agroclimatică generalizată a anotimpului de iarnă pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova, cu elaborarea hărților privind repartiția temperaturii medii multianuale a aerului și a cantității medii multianuale de precipitații în anotimpul de iarnă. De asemenea, au fost evaluate din punct de vedere climatic și agroclimatic iernile din Republica Moldova pentru ultimele două decenii (2001-2020), făcând posibilă selectarea a trei ierni caracterizate prin cel mai mare grad de abatere de la norma climatică a temperaturii medii a aerului și a cantității de precipitații (2006-2007; 2011-2012; 2019-2020), cu elaborarea hărților pentru fiecare sezon de iarnă evaluat. Anotimpul de iarnă 2006-2007 a fost anomal de cald. Temperatura medie a aerului în teritoriul republicii a constituit +0,9…+2,8ºС, fiind mai ridicată față de normă cu 4,1-4,6ºС. În toate cele trei luni de iarnă s-au menținut temperaturi medii lunare pozitive. Cantitatea căzută de precipitații pe parcursul iernii în teritoriul țării a constituit în fond 70-90 mm sau 70-90% din normă. Sezonul de iarnă 2011-2012 s-a caracterizat prin regim termic variat, fiind în fond mai rece decât în mod obișnuit și cu precipitații. Unele perioade mai scurte din cadrul sezonului de iarnă au fost anomal de reci. Temperatura medie a aerului pe parcursul iernii în teritoriul republicii a constituit -2…-4ºС, fiind în fond mai scăzută față de valorile normei cu 0,5-1,3ºС. Numărul de zile cu temperatura aerului ≤ -15ºС, ≤ -20ºС și ≤ -25ºС a întrecut semnificativ norma climatică, fiind practic analogic după acest criteriu cu iarna 2009-2010. Cantitatea căzută de precipitații în decursul sezonului pe 90% din teritoriul țării a constituit 75-145 mm, sau 80-150% din normă. Anotimpul de iarnă 2019-2020 a fost anomal de cald și în fond cu deficit de precipitații. Temperatura medie a aerului în teritoriul republicii a constituit +1,6…+3,3ºС, fiind cu 4,3-5,4ºС mai ridicată față de normă, fapt semnalat pentru prima dată din toată perioadă de observații instrumentale. Cantitatea de precipitații căzute a fost deficitară și repartizată spațio-temporal foarte neuniform (în fond – 40-65 mm sau 40-70% din normă). Condițiile meteorologice pentru iernarea culturilor cerealiere de toamnă, a pomilor fructiferi și a viței de vie în sezoanele de iarnă 2006-2007 și 2019-2020 au fost în fond satisfăcătoare. Cu totul altă situație s-a creat în perioada de iarnă 2011-2012, când pe o mare parte a teritoriului republicii s-au manifestat condiții termice nefavorabile pentru iernatul culturilor cerealiere de toamnă, a pomilor fructiferi și a viței de vie, provocând pierderi semnificative sectorului agrar.Item Influence of photoperiod on productivity and spectral indices of leaf blades of garden cress samples grown under light culture conditions [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Ezerina, Elizaveta M.; Chesnokov, Yuryi V.Identification of optimal growing conditions and promising genotypes for specific environmental parameters using modern non-invasive methods is an urgent task. In this work, spectral indices of leaf blades of 17 accessions of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) from the VIR collection were studied for the first time under strictly controlled conditions of an agrobiopolygon under different photoperiods (12, 14, 16 h), as well as the productivity of these accessions. As a result of the work, photoperiods of 12 and 16 h were determined as the most favorable for growing garden cress accessions under light culture conditions. Accessions of garden cress, k-112 (Local, Azerbaijan) and k-165 (Gartenkresse, Belgium), were selected as the most productive and promising for cultivation under light culture conditions. Based on the data obtained, it was established that optical indicators can be an effective non-invasive criterion for identifying the most optimal duration of photoperiod for realizing the production potential of garden cress samples, and also serve as predictors for determining the most productive genotypes of interest for subsequent breeding work.Item Comparative drought resistance in sunflower under controlled conditions [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Duca, Maria; Clapco, Steliana; Mutu, Ana; Martea, Rodica; Joita-Pacureanu, MariaUnder changing climatic conditions, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivation is increasingly challenged by abiotic stresses such as drought. This study evaluates the response of three sunflower genotypes to osmotic stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% during germination and early seedling development under controlled conditions. The germination rate was evaluated daily over a 10-day period. Seeds were exposed to PEG to assess germination rate, seedling growth, and stress tolerance indices. Genotype H3 demonstrated moderate tolerance, maintaining satisfactory germination at 10% PEG but showing a marked decline at higher concentrations. H1 was highly sensitive, with poor germination and severely restricted growth of 20% and 30% PEG. In contrast, H2 displayed strong resilience, maintaining consistent germination, root development even under severe stress. These highlight the genotypic variability in sunflowers drought tolerance and suggest that H2 is a promising candidate for cultivation in water-limited environments. H1 may be suitable under moderate stress, while H1 may require additional agronomic interventions. Overall, the selection of stress-resilient sunflower genotypes emerges as a key strategy for enhancing productivity in drought-prone regions.Item Evaluation of mid-parent and best-parent heterosis for grain yield in selected maize inbred lines [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Cojocari, Dumitru; Bounegru, Serghei; Batiru, GrigoriiMaize (Zea mays L.) is a major crop with global importance for food, feed, and industry. Improving yield through hybrid breeding remains a key objective, and heterosis plays a central role in achieving superior performance. This study evaluated mid-parent heterosis (MPH) and best-parent heterosis (BPH) for grain yield in 19 maize hybrids derived from genetically diverse inbred lines. Field experiments were conducted in 2024 near Cucuruzeni, Orhei district, Republic of Moldova, under chernozem soil conditions and moderate drought stress. A partial diallel mating design was used, and trials were arranged in a randomized incomplete block design with two replications. Yield was measured at harvest, and heterosis was calculated using standard formulas. Results revealed significant variability, with MPH ranging from 33.7% to 76.3% and BPH from 13.3% to 71.6%. The hybrid 2110 × 2126 showed the highest yield and BPH, while 2132 × 2127 had the highest MPH. The findings confirm the role of non-additive gene effects and highlight promising parental combinations for future hybrid development.Item Breeding the domestic apple tree (Malus Domestica borkh.) as a family creative activity [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Brindza, Ján; Horčinová-Sedláčková, VladimíraThe aim of the work is to make the domestic apple tree breeding process more efficient with the acquisition of new original varieties in the interaction between human and nature also in the form of creative activity of the whole family. In this process, it is possible to use many wild seedlings (WGS) grown from the seeds of domestic apple tree fruits along roadsides, in fields, old gardens and orchards. In the experiment, 39 WGS were selected from different locations in Slovakia, with average fruit weights ranging from 57.45 g to 197.59 g. The fruits were determined to be of different shapes, most often heart-shaped, and varying in colour from light to dark. The colour of the flesh was white, light yellow and slightly red. Many of the seedlings excelled in original aroma and flavour. Process is very simple. In late August, look for suitable seedlings with attractive fruit, take a sample of the fruit and mark the seedling's location. Then take budded cuttings from the seedlings in January for grafting onto prepared rootstocks. In the third year, the first harvests can be evaluated on the WGS. Through this process, each member of the family can get their own original variety in the garden, not only for enjoyment but also for eating the original fruit.Item Results of early corn breeding in the Republic of Moldova [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Borozan, Pantelimon; Musteața, Simion; Spînu, Valentina; Spînu, Alexei; Donici, RuslanaThe main results of a breeding program for early maize, realized in R. Moldova, are presented in this article. More useful germplasm for inbred lines development at present are alternative heterotic groups Euroflint, Iodent, BSSS-B37 and Lancaster. The analysis of hybrid performance in advanced testing established a better adaptation of genotypes from Iodent x BSSS-B37 heterotic pattern in Moldova and Iodent x Euroflint, BSSS-B37 x Euroflint in Belarus. Commercial seed production include 10 hybrids FAO 180-240 registered in Belarus and 4 single cross hybrids FAO 300-320 registered in Moldova.Item Influence of planting distance and crown shape on the growth, productivity and quality of cherry fruits, grafted on Giseala 6 [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Bîlici, Inna; Balan, Valerian; Șarban, Vasile; Russu, Stanislav; Buza, Corneliu; Talpalaru, DumitruThe study on the influence of planting distance and crown shape on cherry fruits in the pedoclimatic conditions of the central and northern areas of the Republic of Moldova in the period 2018-2024 aimed at assessing the impact of these factors on the growth, productivity and quality of the fruits. In the research, trees of the Early Star and Samba varieties were grafted onto the Gisela 6 rootstock and managed under the Thin Spindle, Cupă and Kym Green Bush crown forms, planted at a density of 1250 trees/ha. The Kordia and Sweet Stefany varieties were grafted onto the same rootstock, but managed according to the Thin Spindle, Structured Vertical Axis and Improved Thin Spindle crown systems, planted at a distance of 4x1 m, with a density of 2500 trees/ha. For all variants, parameters such as total yield, diameter and mass of cherries, as well as soluble dry matter content and titratable acidity of the fruits were determined. The Early Star variety achieved the highest yield in 2022 when the trees were managed according to the Thin Spindle crown shape, with an average of 8.8 kg/tree. The Kordia variety recorded the highest yield (9.64 kg/tree) when the trees were managed according to the Structured Thin Spindle crown shape. Although the Sweet Stefany variety has a lower yield overall, the highest production was obtained in the variant with management according to the Structured Vertical Axis system, with a yield of 7.11 kg/tree.Item Use of biofortification principles in developing a maize germplasm collection [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Batiru, Grigorii; Comarova, GalinaThis study explores the application of biofortification principles in developing a maize genetic collection with specific germplasm aimed at improving nutritional traits. The main objective was to evaluate and classify 174 maize genotypes based on their genetic potential for enhanced nutrient content using traditional and modern breeding tools. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Applied Genetics and Biotechnology, Technical University of Moldova. A comprehensive methodological framework was employed, including classical selection, induced mutagenesis, polyploidization, haploidization, and molecular diagnostics. The results revealed a significant proportion of genotypes carrying key endosperm mutations such as o2, su1, wx1, and fl2, with 31% of the collection exhibiting double recessive combinations. Additionally, 9 lines and 15 hybrids were successfully converted into tetraploids. The study confirms the potential of these genotypes as valuable breeding material for biofortification. The genetic collection developed represents a strategic resource for enhancing the nutritional quality of maize and contributes to advancing sustainable agriculture and food security.Item New training systems for high-density cherry plantations [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Balan, Valerian; Bilici, Inna; Șarban, Vasile; Russu, Stanislav; Buza, Cornel; Talpalaru, DumitruThis research evaluated vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality of different cherry varieties using different crown-forming systems and planting densities. The experimental orchards were established in the central (2015) and northern (2018) areas of the Republic of Moldova, using Black Star, Regina, Summit and Sweet Sharetta varieties, grafted on Gisela 6 rootstock. For each variety- rootstock combination and training system, varying densities were established, ranging from 1250 trees/ha (for thin-stem, cup, Kym Green Bush) to 2500 trees/ha (for thin-stem, improved thin-stem, structured vertical axis). Black Star, grown under the thin-stem system, obtained the highest yields between 9.39 and 10.92 t/ha at the age of 7-10 years, significantly exceeding the values obtained for the crowns cup (8.11-9.67 t/ha) and Kym Green Bush (7.65-8.22 t/ha). For varieties Regina, Summit and Sweet Sharetta planted at 4x1 m spacing, the improved thin spindle crown shape had a modest impact on productivity, but provided important benefits on fruit size uniformity along the entire length of the axis.Item The role of genetic resources in the improvement and development of new legume crop varieties [Articol](Editura USM, 2025) Avădănii, Larisa; Guțu, Costel; Iacobuța, MariaA decisive role in generating broad heritable variability in breeding material belongs to germplasm sources. The primary method for developing new ideotypes of pea, soybean, and bean is intraspecific hybridization followed by repeated individual selection. The results obtained represent a genetic advancement in the breeding of these crops, leading to the development of new varieties with high adaptability to natural stress factors, broad ecological plasticity, and minimal fluctuations in yield levels.