2. Articole

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    DE LA IMPERIUL RUS LA IMPERIUL SOVIETIC: EVOLUȚIA CONCEPTULUI MOLDOVENISMULUI ÎN CERCETĂRILE ETNONAȚIONALE
    (CEP USM, 2024) Moroi, Natalia
    Oficialitățile imperiale rusești foloseau doar termenii „moldoveni” și „limbă moldovenească”, cercetărorii și liderii politici formați în Imperiul Rus foloseau termenii „moldoveni” și „limba moldovenească”, români și limba română în calitate de termeni interschimbabili, chiar și după lovitura de stat din octombrie 1917. Dar „noua” istoriografie sovietică, la temelia căreia stă articolul lui C. Derjavin, manifestă de la bun început ura totală față de termenul român și sintagma limba română. În primul deceniu de după revoluția din februarie 1917 cercetarea problemelor etnnonaționale a decurs în temeiul planurilor elaborate încă în Imperiul Rus, în timpul primului război mondial. Unicul specialist care s-a preocupat de această problemă a fost L.Berg, alții, de fapt nici nu existau în acel timp. Continuarea promovării de către bolșevici a tradițiilor imperiale, politică care s-a manifestat deschis în privința Basarabiei, a dus la implicarea directă a organelor de partid și sovietice în problema determinării apartenenței etnonaționale și a limbii vorbite de către românii din Basarabia. Cu toate că unii dintre liderii politici sovietici cominterniști, promotori ai extinderii „revoluției proletare” afirmau foarte clar că locuitorii băștinași ai Basarabiei și din stânga Nistrului sunt români și limba vorbită de ei este limba română, această poziție corectă a lor venea în contradicție cu politica națională de sorginte imperială promovată de URSS. În atare situație, căutând să legitimeze republica tampon creată pe malul stâng al Nistrului – RASS Moldovenească, dar și pretențiile asupra Basarabiei, unii autori, nespecialiști în domeniul în care se pronunțau, dar mai ales liderii politici locali, așa numiții „autohtoniști”, reieșind doar din motive politice, au repus la ordinea zilei teoria proletcultistă conform căreia moldovenii ar fi un popor înrudit cu românii, dar totuși altul, iar limba vorbită de ei, este „limba moldovenească”, o limbă vorbită de popor, deosebită de limba română.
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    BASARABIA LA 1828: PROCESE DEMOGRAFICE, STRUCTURI SOCIALE ŞI CONFESIUNI RELIGIOASE (Descrisă într-un memoriu prezentat instituţiilor imperiale ruse) (Partea I)
    (CEP USM, 2022) Tomuleț, Valentin
    The author analyzes a memorandum from 1828, kept in the Chancellery Fund of the governor of Bessarabia (ANRM, F. 2, inv. 1, d. 1199, f. 1-69 verse), presented by the regional institutions of the imperial administration of St. Petersburg, after the suppression of the limited temporary autonomy of Bessarabia, based on the Regulation of February 29, 1828. The memorandum, which includes several tables describing the economic, social and religious situation of Bessarabia in 1828, is accompanied by a rather detailed commentary on the tables, which is more like a report, which the regional institutions presented annually at Petersburg starting with 1842 (at the beginning the data referring to the population included information for entire Bessarabia, and starting with 1847 – for each county center and for every county). The memorandum includes data on the area of the counties, the total number of the population divided by sex, social categories (nobles, clergy, peasants, members of szlachta, foreign colonists, the poor), the number of houses, in addition to those in urban areas included in this statistic, the number of localities in each county, depending on the number of houses (households), the surface of arable land, pastures, forests etc. Of particular interest are the compartments dedicated to the state of cities, different branches of rural and urban households: animal husbandry, agricultural development, handicrafts and various craft branches, factories and plants, internal and external trade, the moral character of the population, denominations. Quite valuable are the detailed comments (69 pages written on both sides) with reference to the 10 tables, attached at the end of the memorandum, which give us the opportunity to understand the processes that took place in Bessarabia during this time.
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    SISTEMUL IMPERIAL DE PRIVILEGII NOBILIARE ÎN BASARABIA PRIMEI TREIMI A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA
    (Lexon-Prim, 2022) Boțolin, Sergiu
    The elite in Bessarabia were drawn to the idea of becoming part of the Russian nobility, which included privileges associated with this social status. In addition to the material benefits that the status of a Russian noble could generate, attention should also be paid to the symbolic attributes. Belonging to a supposedly superior culture to the local one led to changes in behaviour, attitudes, and perceptions. As such, those who aspired to the status of a Russian noble attempted to adopt the appropriate customs regarding lifestyle. The struggle for material privileges led to an increased degree of dependence on imperial authorities, while also affecting cohesion within the local noble community.
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    „PRIVILEGIAŢII” ÎN STRUCTURA SOCIALĂ A BASARABIEI (1812–1871)
    (Lexon-Prim, 2023) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the present study, the author discusses the status of being privileged in Bessarabia after the annexation of this territory to the Russian Empire. Showcasing the boiernași, mazils and ruptasi, the author notes that belonging to the status of the “privileged” was of a hereditary nature. By their very name, the boiernași, as well as the mazils, preserved the “memory of being a boyar” and always opted for maintaining their ancestral privileges, as did the other privileged people. The imperial administration did not approve of these social and fiscal categories of society and granted them privileged status only temporarily, preserving, for a certain period of time, the particularities that existed in Moldova. The tendency to standardize the social structure and liquidate the social conditions specific to the Moldavian society was continuous in the sights of the imperial institutions. In accordance with the Regulation on the rights of belonging to the social estates of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the Tsarist authorities made the Bessarabian boiernași equal in rights with the personal nobles of Russia (if the boiernași did not hold administrative positions, they were passed, compulsorily, in the category of mazils), calling them personal nobles from then on, and the mazils and ruptasi in the category of Russian odnodvortsy.
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    COOPTAREA ELITEI LOCALE ÎN BASARABIA: EXPLORAREA STRATEGIILOR IMPERIALE ÎN PERIOADA 1812–1828
    (Lexon-Prim, 2023) Boțolin, Sergiu
    This study presents a comprehensive analysis of strategies aimed at co-opting the local elite, deemed a fundamental component in the governance of the Bessarabia post-1812. It seeks to reinforce and enhance the policy of integrating Bessarabia into the political, economic, and social frameworks of the Russian Empire. A central focal point of this discourse is the imperial system of noble privileges, which was extended to include the Bessarabian elite and had a substantial impact on regional dynamics. The study delves into how these privileges were employed to attract local elites and secure their support and allegiance. Furthermore, it explores facets concerning the integration of the elite into the service of the Russian Empire and the formalization of this alliance.
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    POLITICA LINGVISTICĂ A IMPERIULUI RUS ÎN BASARABIA ÎN ANII 1834 –1871
    (Lexon-Prim, 2023) Eremia, Ion
    The sources examined attest that we must have no illusions about the purpose pursued by the imperial authorities, namely the total Russification of the inhabitants of the annexed territories. Discordant voices of specialists from both the Russian Empire and contemporary Russia clearly indicate that the annexed territories were colonies of the empire, and the inhabitants were condemned to cultural stagnation. During the examined period, in the region of Bessarabia, the area of use of the Romanian language was totally restricted in school, church, administration, court. Access even to primary education was allowed children aged 8-10 only if they were able to read and write in the language Russian. But, despite the efforts made by the authorities, in the chronological segment investigated here, the years 1834-1871 – the Russification of the inhabitants was not successful – the Russian language was known at a fairly high level modest or even by the population. The timid attempts of some representatives of dvorenimi to improve and intensify the process of studying the Romanian language by bringing books necessary from Moldova across the Prut and from Wallachia, collided with the categorical refusal of imperial authorities, as well as the attempts to edit a newspaper in Romanian. Despite efforts made by the imperial authorities, the school did not prove to be an effective instrument of russification, but to make a better system of education, tsarism neither wanted nor was in condition. In general, the Russian Empire was a backward empire, slavery hindered the processes of modernization and, although it was liquidated in 1861, it does not mean that the situation changed immediately and we should have expected big changes. To these was added the inefficiency of the Russian bureaucratic-administrative system, but also the traditional conservatism of the local society in Bessarabia, which tacitly, but quite effectively, opposed the process of Russification.
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    EVOLUŢIA INSTITUŢIILOR EDUCAŢIONALE EVREIEŞTI ÎN IMPERIUL RUS. CAZUL BASARABIEI
    (Lexon-Prim, 2023) Roitman, Alexandru
    Education in the Jewish community has always held an important place. The Jewish education system has a long history. Its religious nature has contributed significantly to the preservation of the Jewish people and the perpetuation of their customs and traditions. Education for the Jewish population has always been not only a form of self-organization but also a way of transmitting the collective religious mentality. In this article, we aim to analyze several aspects of the evolution of Jewish education in the Russian Empire, as well as its particularities for the Jewish community in Bessarabia. We will describe the legislation and reforms that influenced the functioning of these educational institutions during the 19th century in the Russian Empire.
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    ASPECTE COMPARATIVE ALE EVOLUŢIEI BASARABIEI ŞI NOVOROSIEI. PRIVIRE GENERALĂ ASUPRA SITUAŢIEI DEMOGRAFICE, SOCIALE ŞI ECONOMICE (ANII ’30-’50 AI SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)
    (2019) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the present study, based on a rich and varied documentary material found from various archive funds from the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, the author takes a general look at the demographic, social and economic situation of Bessarabia compared to the three Gubernyas of Novorossia - Herson, Tau- rida and Ekaterinoslav. The archive data show an obvious trend of population growth in Bessarabia and the three gubernyas of Novorossia, although this trend, for some gubernyas, is not constant. If for the region of Bessarabia and gubernyas of Ekaterinoslav and Taurida, this tendency is positive and evident for the entire period of time, then for the Herson gubernya this trend, for the year 1854, is negative, the diminution being related to the disaster caused to the population by the Crimean war. The increase in the population of the Taurida gu- bernya, directly involved in the Crimean War events, which naturally should had a neg- ative evolution, was due to the immigration from the Russian internal gubernyas of the serf peasants, who hoped to escape from the serfdom by participating in the war. The rhythms of population growth in Bessarabia, the three gubernyas of Novorossia, depended on multiple factors, the natural ones being the colonization with Transdanubian colonists, Germans, etc. and emigrants from Russian internal gubernyas. From a social and economic point of view, both Bessarabia and the gubernyas of Novorossia, where serfdom did not exist or had a weaker influence, where the products from held the character of commodities, as agricultural farms, both of landowners and peasants, involved in the market relations, attesting a the large number of guild merchants, especially of the fi rst two guilds, who maintained close ties with the foreign markets through the ports on the Black Sea coast, the Azov Sea, on the Danube, the place of Bessarabia being quite important, especially in the export of cereals.
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    PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE POLITICII IMPERIALE RUSE ÎN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA (PRIVIRE GENERALĂ)
    (2019) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In this article the author ascertains that Tsarism promoted in Bessarabia a colonial policy of rusification and denationalization by imposing Russian national and spiritual values, foreign to the detriment of the native ones, while the lack of state unity and national independence, political domination and economic exploitation, creating of cosmopolitan social states directly influenced this process.
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    EVOLUŢIA INSTITUŢIILOR PUBLICE LOCALE DIN BASARABIA SUB DOMINAŢIE IMPERIALĂ RUSĂ (PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)
    (2018) Tomuleț, Valentin
    After the Regulation of February 29, 1828, the limited and provisional autonomy that Bessarabia enjoyed for 10 years was liquidated, and the province was included in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire. Shortly afterwards, on September 26, 1830, the Dniester Customs Cordon was suppressed and transferred to the Prut and Danube, the guild structure was established, the Ismail City Administration was established, and Bessarabia was included in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire. Respectively, these changes necessitated certain changes at the regional, county and local administrative level. If in the central and regional institutions the imperial administration operated more radical changes in local public administration, tsarism was forced, for a certain period of time, to maintain local traditions, actively engaging in its change after the adoption of the Bessarabian Peasants Regulation of January 24, 1834, and liquidating entirely the old system of administration only from January 1, 1861, replacing it with Russian volost’ government.