2. Articole
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Item REZULTATELE INVESTIGAŢIILOR ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA CIVILĂ SAHARNA „DEALUL MĂNĂSTIRII” (CAMPANIA 2008)(2009) Niculiţă, Ion; Nicic, Andrei; Corobcean, AndreiIn this study are presented the results of the archaeological investigations at the early Hallstattian settlement Saharna „Dealul Mănăstitii”. The research at this site in 2008 were done at 2 sections: no. 4-5. The aim of these investigations was to study the ditch situated south of the defensive system of Saharna Mare fortress and which was found already in the past years. The result was the discovery of two hearths – complex 19-20, two dwellings – complexes 21, 26. The pits 16-19 and the ditch on a surface of 10 m were investigated. The material found in the closed complexes and the ditch have a cultural-chronologic attribution to Cozia-Saharna culture. The ditch explored on a length of 10 m and depth varying from 0,5 to 1,2 m was in fact an extension of the previously investigated ditch. The result provided the possibility to establish that both its triangular form and the wide rim and narrow bottom represents nothing less than the traces of a wood chassis of a palisade. It is likely that the central and northern part of Saharna Mare promontory was initially strengthened with a palisade which included also the north-eastern part of „Dealul Mănăstirii” settlement. G.D. Smirnov, who had discovered for the first time this ditch, assumed that it was a supplementary defense ditch situated on a parallel line with the fortress wall and ditch. In order to confirm whether the ditch was contemporary with the fortress’ fortification line, in the southern part of the fortress’ central bastion was traced the section no. 5. Although some material was discovered, the investigations of the cultural layer from the area have shown a complete lack of possible ruins of a known settlement. It means that the central bastion was built up after the abandonment of the first defense line of the site from Saharna Mare.Item SĂ NE REDOBÂNDIM ISTORIA SAU DESPRE UNGARIA ROMÂNEASCĂ(2009) Groza, AndreiI want to mention here, that those who affirm that the Goths were German people and the Huns were Turkish people or other people say these without any arguments; they simply repeat what was written in XVII—XIX c. by the foreign historians who making up the history of their people, hid or did not want to show the real history, because this was not convenient for them. But we, recommend you to analyze the old sources, written by the contemporaries of those times and only then you will find who tells the truth.Item REFLECTAREA PROCESELOR ETNO-CULTURALE DIN SEC. II-XIV DIN SPAŢIUL PRUTO-NISTREAN ÎN CERCETĂRILE ETNO-FOLCLORICE SOVIETICE(2007) Matveev, SergiuThe ethnography form the former Soviet Union in the context of researches in the Prut-Dnestr area represents a discipline that is strongly attached to the main historical tendencies in the 1950s, without an opening toward external confrontations and lack of intellectual autonomy. The ethno-folkloric investigations have had the purpose to prove that the ethno-cultural processes from I -beginning II millennium AD have ended with the “formation of moldovan people” through the symbiosis of eastern Slavs with the Volochs. There have been often invented some artificial arguments of ethnographic and folkloric aspect that emphasize the progressive role of Slavs.Item INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA TRACO-GETICĂ SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2007)(2008) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, MihailArchaeological researches at the site of Saharna „La Şanţ” (situated near Saharna and Saharna Nouă villages, Rezina region) were continued in 2007. The excavations covered an area of 140 m² and yielded four household pits containing varied ceramic material. The occupation layer of the settlement was 0,4-0,9 m thick and contained a fragment of a iron spearhead, a bronze three-bladed arrowhead, stone implements, bones, clay and numerous fragments of pottery. The excavated objects allow to suppose the existence of two cultural-chronological horizons dating back to the early Hallstatt period – the “Cozia-Saharna” culture and the Thraco-Getian period (7th/6th to 3d c. B.C.).Item CERCETĂRILE ARHEOLOGICE LA SITUL TRACO-GETIC SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2006)(2007) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, MihailDuring the archeological researches conducted near Saharna and Saharna Noua villages a new fortified settlement was discovered – Saharna “La Şanţ”. It is located eastward of the fortified settlement Saharna Mare, on the steep bank of a deep ravine (fig. 1/1). The site of ancient settlement is semi-oval shaped, 180×65 m in size (fig. 1/2).The settlement was protected by the steep bank of the ravine on the north side and by a defence construction on the west, east and south sides. Five household pits containing various ceramic material (fig. 2; 3) were discovered following archeological researches conducted in 2006. Four spinning spindles, fragment of a stone grain grater and numerous fragments of ceramic vessels were discovered in the cultural layer of the settlement (fig. 4-6). The discovered inventory can be dated with the 6 th -3rd c. BC.Item SISTEMUL DEFENSIV AL CETĂŢII DIN EPOCA FIERULUI – SAHARNA MARE(2007) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, TudorToday over 82 Iron Age monuments are known in the area of the Middle Dniester, Central Moldavian Hills. The most impressive monuments are situated on high promontories and heights close to Saharna village, Republic of Moldova. These sites of ancient settlements and villages are known since the end of the 40s of the 20 th c., when G. D. Smirnov carried out the first reconnaissance excavations. Saharna Mare settlement stands out among these monuments. Since 2001 systematic archeological research has been carried out on the site. Saharna Mare is situat- ed on a high stony triangular promontory surrounded from all sides by deep inaccessible ravines. The promontory is accessible only from the South. Archeological research proves that the site was populated as early as the Early Iron Age when a Hallstatt settlement of Saharna-Solonceni type was founded there. Consequently the promontory was fortified in the south by a complex system of defence. It contained a wall which went from south-east to north- west, with a ditch and three semicircular ramparts in the centre and flanks. A comprehensive study of Saharna Mare fortifications offers certain corrections to our understanding of the con- struction methods at ancient settlements in the 1 st millennium BC. Remains of earth mounds almost always are wrecks of a once erected “wall”. The analysis of the main line of defensive system and two ramparts (the third is demolished) has shown that the fortification was constructed out of a timber wooden drainage placed on the lev- elled surface. In order to save the wooden flooring from moisture the gap was filled by sand. The timber drainage which was the footing of the fortification was pierced by poles located evenly and strengthened by longitudinal and transversal beams on different levels. This wooden carcass was filled by earth, stones, sand and clay. To ensure the preservation of the fortification the framework was filled by building material layer by layer. The outer sides of walls of the majority of settlements which were constructed following these methods have a 2-2,7 m wide berm. It was used as a base for a construction of clay and crushed stones aimed at protecting the wooden wall from fires, and it was thicker at its bottom and narrowing on its way to the top. Ca. 2 meters away from its southern outer side a ditch was dug, with its width at the mouth varying between 16,5- 18,0 m. Excavations have shown that in antiquity the width of the ditch on the surface was ca. 15,6 m, at the bottom – 6,1 m, the depth was 3,2 m, and its 2,1 m was dug out of the stony base of the promontory. Horseshoe-shaped ramparts which were bordering the ditch were built using the same methodology. The precise time of erection and demolition of the defences is so far difficult to establish with any precision. Following the analysis of the discovered material it is obvious that all of them were intact and functioning in the 4 th –3d c. BCItem CONSTRUCŢII DE SUPRAFAŢĂ DIN SITURILE DE LA SAHARNA(2008) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, TudorSeveral Iron Age monuments are known in the village of Saharna, Rezina region. For a few years planned archeo- logical research had been conducted in three of them: Saharna Mică, Saharna Mare and Saharna “La Şanţ”. In the course of research, it was established that Saharna Mare stony cape was first settled in the end of the 12th century B.C. In the 11th century B.C. an unfortified settlement existed here. By the end of this century or at the end of the next century, it was abandoned and the population moved to another area. As evidenced by the archaeological materials Saharna Mică cape was resettled by the 7 th century B.C. The most intensive economic development the settlement reached in the 6 th -5 th centuries B.C., and military development by the 4 th -3d centuries B.C. when it was fortified by a complicated system of fortified structures. On the ground of research conducted on the territory of the Saharna Mare settlement it was established that in the 6th -5 th centuries B.C. it occupied a considerable part of the cape and reached its peak of development in the 4 th -3d centuries B.C. According to the archeological materials, the fortified settlement of Saharna “La Şanţ” was established in the 7 th -6th centuries B.C., and later in the 5 th -4th centuries B.C. it was already fortified by a wooden-earthen structure. Follow-up studies will allow us to more accurately determine the time when the settlements were settled and then abandoned.Item PROFESORUL ION NICULIŢĂ LA 70 DE ANII(2009) Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, TudorItem O APARIŢE EDITORIALĂ NOUĂ ÎN DOMENIUL ISTORIEI URBANISTICII ROMÂNEŞTI(CEP USM, 2009) Dudnicenco, NicolaeThis paper is a brief overview of the collection of articles which have been published recently in Iaşi (2007) and is devoted to the Romanian urban history in the medieval, pre-modern and modern period.The author reveals the diversity of treated themes (the history of ecclesiastical buildings, architectural currents, the social structure of population, cultural influences, administrative problems, etc) in this collection of articles. The researcher points out the actuality of the published studies, their innovative nature, and their importance for the investigation of urban civilization.Item UNELE CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND ACTIVITATEA ŞCOLII REALE DIN CHIŞINĂU ÎN ANII 1873-1918(CEP USM, 2009) Chicaroş, TatianaIn the Russian system of education schools of exact science were founded in 1872 as a result of lyceums of exact science abolition. These lyceums had 6-7 years of schooling. In high schools there were taught applied (sciences) subjects. Senior classes graduates of these educational institutions continued their education at technical, business and industrial high schools (colleges). They could not continue their education at universities. From 1888 schools of exact science were reorganized into comprehensive schools. The graduates could continue their education at universities, but only at the department of mathematics, physics and medicine. Archive records give us the possibility to follow the school of exact science development in Chişinău from its foundation till the first decade of the 20thcentury. The school of exact science was opened the 6thof December 1873 in Chişinău. At the moment of its opening the school had three forms (3rd, 4th, 5th). During the following two years there were also opened two senior classes. During the school year of 1885/86, thanks to a tutor’s application of Odessa district of education, there were opened the 1stand the 2nd forms, but in 1888 there was opened the 7th form with technical-mechanic specialization. Besides this class the school of exact science had also the clsses of physics, chemistry, metrology, natural sciences, history, geography, etc. Maintenance of this educational institution was realized from money of state budget, of Bessarabian zemstvo, of town council and from money saved up for the process of education (annual payment for the education was 50 roubles, it proves that not all the social classes could afford their children study at these educational institutions). As a result of archive source analysis we can observe that at the moment of these educational institutions opening the contingent of pupils was composed from 101 children, in 1883 – 160 children, and in 1918 – 312 children. Thus we can observe that the number of pupils was always in growth. Although the information concerning the activity of this educational institution, placed in the fund of National Archives of the Republic of Moldova, does not give the possibility to follow the ethnic structure of the pupils’ contingent, researching their religious appearance, however we can observe the predominance of the Orthodox and a number more or less constant (ca 15%) of the Jews (as for example: in 1893, from the total number of 229 pupils, 171 (74.7%) were the Orthodox, 13 (5.7%) – the Catholics, 8 (3.5%) – the Protestants, 3 (1.3%) – belonged to other religious communions and 34 (14.8%) – the Jews), which shows us the diversity of the ethnic colour. The analysis of archives sources allows us to conclude that although the tendency to the growth of the number of pupils among the noblemen is the one evident, still analyzing the percentage ratio of each social status separately, we determine that their number of more then 60% in the first years of school activity will easily reduce, composing in 1908 only 41.2 %, with a slight growth in the following years. However the tendency to the growth of the number of pupils is evident among the bourgeoisie – citizens (craftsmen, tradesmen, etc.) and honorary freemen. If in the first two years of school activity they composed only 18.6 and 23.7% from the total number of pupils, in the following years, with some small exceptions (1884), their number gr ows, achieving in some years more than 40% (1887, 1890). A certain growth can also be observed in the evolution of pupils among peasants, however this tendency is not the permanent one but more sporadic and in relation to those social statuses it did not exceed 10%, making an exception only in 1874 (10.8%), 884 (27.2%) and in 1909 (10.1%).