2. Articole
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Item UN FIR AL ISTORIEI NOASTRE. DESPRE SITURILE GETICE DIN BAZINUL NISTRULUI(Bons Offices, 2024) Zanoci, AurelItem HABITATUL GETIC ÎN ZONA SATULUI SOCOLA (RAIONUL ȘOLDĂNEȘTI, REPUBLICA MOLDOVA)(2022) Zanoci, Aurel; Băț, Mihail; Sochircă, Vitalie; Dulgher, Victor; Chitic, Vladimir; Cuculescu, DanielUntil recently, on the high terrace of the Dniester in the area of Socola village, only one site with traces of Iron Age habitation was known (point “Craina”). In the spring of 2022, a team of researchers from the Ion Niculiță Archaeological Center of the Moldova State University carried out new field surveys in the area, which resulted in the discovery of three more Late Iron Age sites. Thus, two fortifications (Socola III and Socola IV) with settlements in the immediate vicinity were discovered on the two promontories that rise above the Dniester riverbed by about 150-160 m. Two other settlements, Socola I “Craina” and Socola V, are located to the west, at a distance of about 1.40 km and 2.50 km, respectively. As a result of surface surveys, materials, especially pottery sherds, characteristic of the Getic culture were collected from the surface of the sites, which makes it possible to attribute this “agglomeration” of settlements to the 4 th-3rd centuries BC. Such an arrangement of fortifications and nearby settlements dating back to that period is often found in the Middle Dniester Basin, especially in the Saharna microregion.Item PAS CU PAS. CERCETĂRI INTERDISCIPLINARE LA SITUL DE EPOCA FIERULUI DE LA SAHARNA „RUDE” DIN BAZINUL NISTRULUI DE MIJLOC(2024) Zanoci, Aurel; Asăndulesei, Andrei; Băț, Mihail; Sochircă, Vitalie; Nagacevschi, Tatiana; Tencariu, Adrian-Felix; Dulgher, VictorIn the Middle Dniester Basin, from the 1940s to the present, several archaeological sites dating back to the Iron Age have been discovered and explored. In the past two decades, a team of researchers from the Moldova State University has been engaged in archaeological research in the Saharna microregion, where several fortifications and open settlements dating from both the Early and the Late Iron Age have been studied. Among them, the Saharna “Rude” site stands out, where, non-destructive surveys, as well as archaeological excavations were carried out in 2018-2021. As a result, traces of three phases of habitation were found at the Saharna “Rude” site. According to the discovered artifacts, the first phase of habitation can be attributed to the Early Iron Age (middle of the 12th century – 11th century BC), which corresponds to the Holercani-Hansca horizon. At the next stage, a circular enclosure was built in the northern part of the plateau, to the south of which there was an extensive settlement belonging to the CoziaSaharna culture (10th-9th centuries BC). The discovery of fragments of Greek amphoras, as well as handmade pottery specific to the Getic culture, indicates that this territory was also inhabited during the Late Iron Age (4th-3rd centuries BC). Therefore, the situation attested at Saharna “Rude” is similar to the one on the promontory opposite the Saharna Mare and comes to confirm the intense habitation of the Saharna microregion by human communities in the period from the middle of the 12th to the end of the 3rd century BC.Item CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND STUDIUL PEDOLOGIC AL SITURILOR ARHEOLOGICE DIN AREALUL SAHARNA, RAIONUL REZINA(2018) Sochircă, Vitalie; Zanoci, Aurel; Nagacevschi, Tatiana; Niculiţă, Ion; Băţ, MihailÎn articol sunt evaluate componentele naturale (în special solul) din perimetrul siturilor arheologice Saharna „Ţiglău” şi Saharna Mare / „Dealul Mănăstirii” din localitatea Saharna, raionul Rezina. Cercetarea a avut drept scop reconstituirea condiţiilor naturale în care au activat comunităţile din aceste aşezări în perioada cuprinsă între sfârşitul sec. XII şi sec. III a. Chr.Item FORTIFI CATIONS AND OPEN SETTLEMENTS OF THE 1ST MILLENNIUM BC IN THE MICRO-ZONE OF HORODISTE-TIPOVA(2014) Zanoci, Aurel; Niculiţă, Ion; Băţ, MihailÎn partea de sud a regiunii Nistrului Mijlociu, în preajma localităţilor Horodişte şi Ţipova, raionul Rezina, se conturează un spaţiu cu suprafaţa de cca 6 km 2 , unde au fost evidenţiate mai multe situri arheologice, atribuite epocii fierului. Ca urmare a studierii ortofotoplanurilor, a cercetărilor perieghetice şi sondajelor arheologice în această microzonă a fost atestată o „aglomeraţie” de situri, compusă din şapte fortificaţii şi patru aşezări civile (fig. 2), atribuite două orizonturi culturale – hallstattian timpuriu şi traco-getic. Orizontul hallstattian timpuriu, de tip Cozia-Saharna, este reprezentat de o fortificaţie (citadela de la Horodişte „La Şanţ”) şi două aşezări deschise (Horodişte „Groapa Turcului” şi Ţipova II). Cel traco-getic este documentat prin şapte fortificaţii (Horodişte „La Cot”, Horodişte „La Şanţ”, Buciuşca II, Ţipova III etc.) şi două aşezări deschise (Buciuşca IV şi Buciuşca V). Dintre fortificaţiile traco-getice se evidenţiază cea de la Horodişte „La Cot”, care se deosebeşte de restul prin suprafaţa considerabilă (cca 28 ha), complexitatea sistemului defensiv, precum şi prin poziţia strategică pe care o ocupă în microzona Horodişte-Ţipova. Plecând de la aceste observaţii, la nivelul actual de cercetare, se poate presupune că cetatea Horodişte „La Cot” a îndeplinit funcţiile unui „centru” economic, administrativ etc. pentru comunităţile din regiune.Item INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA SITUL SAHARNA MARE (2009-2012) (II)(2013) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, Mihail; Matveev, SergiuThis article presents information on the findings relating to the Thraco-Getian period, which have been identified as a result of archaeological excavations in 2009-2012 on the site of Saharna Mare. In examining orthophotomaps and the results and geomagnetic prospecting there was discovered a new defensive line traced over 650 m to the north, east and south sides of the cape. Its ends are connected to the “wall” on the west side, thus forming an integral defensive system surrounding the fortress on all sides and having an area of approximately 6 hectares. This recently discovered defensive line represents a “rampart” barely visible on the current surface of the soil, having at the base a width of 3 m and a height of about 0.3-0.4 m. Toward the east this “rampart” meanders, forming eight bastions grouped in four on the northern and southern flanks. As a result of archaeological investigation it was found that the identified “rampart” is the remains of a defensive wall built of two rows of wooden poles dug vertically into the mainland. The space between rows was filled with stones and earth, thus forming a fortifcation of about 1.1-1.6 m width. In the settlement there were also examined two above-ground structures, 36 household pits and fairly rich and varied inventory attributable to the 8th/7th - 3rd centuries BC. Judging by its strategic location, powerful defensive structures, and by the findings found in the area of the site, it can be assumed that the fortified settlement of Saharna Mare was an important economic, political, administrative and military center of the Middle Dniester region.Item INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA SITUL SAHARNA MARE (2009-2011) (I)(2012) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, Mihail; Matveev, SergiuThe Saharna Mare site (Rezina district) stands out among the monuments of the Middle Dniester area by its location and the degree of scrutiny. It is situated on a high rocky trapezoidal cape with an area of about 12 hectares, surrounded on three sides by deep canyons with inaccessible shores. Only from the south the cape is connected to the outside world. Due to its strategic location, this area was inhabited as early as the end of the 2nd millennium B.C. This monument drew the attention in the late 40s of the last century when there were conducted the first archaeological excavations (Smirnov, 1949, 93-96; Smirnov, 1949a, 189-202; Arnăut 2000, 93-104). Since 2001, an archaeological expedition of the Moldova State University conducts systematic research on the site. The results of studies conducted in 2001-2007 have been published in several articles and a monograph (Niculiţă, Zanoci, Arnăut 2008a, 69-150). As a result of these investigations there were identified several cultural-chronological horizons: 1 - presented by complexes with incised pottery; 2 - relating to the Cozia-Saharna culture; 3 - Thracian-Getae (7th - 3rd centuries B.C.). This article contains information about finds relating to the Cozia-Saharna culture, which were discovered as a result of the excavations of 2009-2011 carried out by five digs (13, 13A, 14, 15, 18) with the total area of 444 m2. Through the matching of orthophotomaps (fi g. 4/1), the results of geomagnetic studies (fi g. 3, 4/2), and archaeological research data (fi g. 9/1) in the southeast of the cape there were found the remains of a “citadel” and the adjacent “fortifi ed yard”. The “citadel” of a rounded shape (fig. 4/3), size 60×64 m (about 0,32 ha), was located on the southeastern outskirts of the cape; it was reinforced on all sides by a moat and a wooden stone-earthen wall. The width of the moat varies from 4,2 to 6,0 m, depth – 0,7 to 1,6 m. The wall was built of two rows of wooden pillars dug vertically into the mainland loam. The space between rows was fi lled with stones and earth, thus forming a fortification of about 1,0-1,2 m in width. The “citadel” had an adjacent semi-oval “yard” in the north-west side, with the dimensions of 55×78 m, which was also fortified by a moat (fig. 4/3). The width of the moat was 2-3 m, the depth – 1,0-1,4 m. In the “citadel” there were investigated one ground construction (fi g. 21), 37 household pits (fi g. 23-32), and one religious construction? (fi g. 33). There was also identifi ed a sufficiently rich and varied inventory (fig. 36-45) that allowed to attribute the “citadel” and the adjacent “yard” to the Cozia-Saharna culture. Most likely, these fortifications were designed to shelter residents of the Saharna “Dealul Mănăstirii” settlement, which was in close proximity. In addition, the “citadel” could serve as a socio-political and religious center for the Early Hallstatt population of the Saharna region (fi g. 46).Item INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA TRACO-GETICĂ SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2007)(2008) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, MihailArchaeological researches at the site of Saharna „La Şanţ” (situated near Saharna and Saharna Nouă villages, Rezina region) were continued in 2007. The excavations covered an area of 140 m² and yielded four household pits containing varied ceramic material. The occupation layer of the settlement was 0,4-0,9 m thick and contained a fragment of a iron spearhead, a bronze three-bladed arrowhead, stone implements, bones, clay and numerous fragments of pottery. The excavated objects allow to suppose the existence of two cultural-chronological horizons dating back to the early Hallstatt period – the “Cozia-Saharna” culture and the Thraco-Getian period (7th/6th to 3d c. B.C.).Item INVESTIGAȚII GEOFIZICE ȘI ARHEOLOGICE ÎN SITUL DIN EPOCA FIERULUI SAHARNA/„RUDE”, RAIONUL REZINA(2020) Zanoci, Aurel; Asăndulesei, Andrei; Băţ, Mihail; Tencariu, Felix-AdrianItem TIPOLOGIA ŞI EVOLUŢIA CONSTRUCŢIILOR DEFENSIVE DIN SPAŢIUL EST-CARPATIC ÎN SECOLELE XII/XI-III A. CHR.(2011) Zanoci, AurelИсследование оборонительных сооружений XII/XI-III вв до н.э. в восточно-карпатских землях позволило проследить как общие тенденции, так и различия в процессе эволюции их строительства. К общим тенденциям необходимо причислить: использование одинаковых строительных материалов (древесина, земля, камень и др.); строительство деревянных каркасов для консолидации оборонительных стен и др. Различия прослеживаются в распространении типов оборонительных сооружений. Если для XII/XI-VIII вв. до н.э. больше характерны конструкции типа III, то в VII/VI-III вв. до н.э. чаще встречаются оборонительные стены типа II и IV. С веками также увеличивается количество камня, используемого для строительства оборонительных сооружений. Одним из новшеств V/IV-III вв. до н.э. является строительство каменных оборонительных стен. Такие сооружения больше характерны для эллинистического мира. Техника строительства укреплений из камня, вероятнее всего, проникла в восточно-карпатские земли посредством греческих колоний североападного Причерноморья.