The theory of value, surplus value, and exploitation in Karl Marx’s work [Articol]

Abstract

Purpose of the article: The paper analyzes Karl Marx’s fundamental contributions to nineteenth-century economic and social thought, focusing on his critique of capitalism through the concepts of value, surplus value, and exploitation. It examines the theoretical influences of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Hegelian dialectics, as well as the application of Marxist ideas to the interpretation of the capitalist mode of production, with relevance to societies in transition, including the Republic of Moldova. Methodology: The study employs an analytical and comparative approach based on an examination of Marx’s seminal work Capital and an interpretation of its core concepts in relation to contemporary economic systems. The method involves correlating the labor theory of value, which explains value creation through human labor, with the theory of surplus value, which reveals the structural mechanisms of exploitation under capitalism. Conclusions: The findings highlight the continuing relevance of Marxist analytical tools for studying the structural inequalities of the global economy. It is emphasized that exploitation is a structural feature of capitalism rather than an accidental phenomenon, and the paper recommends rethinking economic policies aimed at reducing disparities, particularly in economies in transition such as the Republic of Moldova. Originality: The work provides an integrated perspective on the interpretation of Marxist theories, combining the classical analysis of Capital with their applicability to the current economic and social context of the Republic of Moldova. It thus contributes to a deeper understanding of the contemporary relevance of the concepts of value, surplus value, and exploitation.