TOLERANŢA CA IDEAL PRACTIC ÎN FILOSOFIA LUI JOHN LOCKE
Date
2020
Authors
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Journal ISSN
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Publisher
CEP USM
Abstract
Chiar de la începutul textului Scrisorii despre toleranţă, John Locke specifică faptul că toleranţa este, în primul rând, un ideal practic şi, în al doilea rând, unul moral. În viziunea filosofului britanic, toleranţa trebuie să constituie trăsătura esenţială a adevăratei Biserici deoarece în domeniul credinţei religioase orice superioritate revendicată nu este în fapt decât expresia luptei pentru putere şi dominaţie. Pornind de la principiile toleranţei, ideea fundamentală a lui John Locke a fost să găsească acele elemente prin care să se realizeze o separaţie de fond între Biserică şi Stat. Separarea Statului de Biserică nu este suficientă totuşi dacă între cele două nu există şi un echilibru. De asemenea, toleranţa încetează atunci când Biserica şi Statul se contopesc sau se amestecă discret până la a nu mai putea distinge graniţele dintre ele. Acest amestec şi confuzie între rolurile Statului şi cele ale Bisericii poate conduce spre situaţii extrem de grave, cum au fost masacrele religioase, precum Noaptea Sfântului Bartolomeu, sau războaiele religioase, asemenea conflictului dintre catolici şi protestanţi din vremea Războiului de Treizeci de Ani. În această lucrare vom încerca să identificăm modalităţile concrete prin care John Locke descrie limitele toleranţei dintre cele două puteri, cea a Commonwealthului sau a Statului, care ia în considerare trupul, şi cea a Bisericii, care se ocupă doar de mântuirea sufletului. Dacă limitele toleranţei sunt respectate, atunci se pot evita conflictele ireconciliabile între cele două puteri, cea seculară şi cea religioasă.
From the beginning of his text A Letter Concerning Tolerance, John Locke, specifies that tolerance is, first and foremost, a practical ideal and, secondly, a moral one. In the vision of the British philosopher, tolerance must be the essential feature of the true Church because in the field of religious faith any claimed superiority is in fact only the expression of the struggle for power and domination. Starting from the principles of tolerance, John Locke’s fundamental idea was to find those elements through which a fundamental separation between the Church and the State could be achieved. However, the separation between the State and the Church is not enough if there is no balance between these two powers. Also, tolerance ceases when the Church and the State merge or mix discreetly until they can no longer distinguish the boundaries between them. This mixture and confusion between the roles of the State and those of the Church can lead to extremely serious situations such as religious massacres as was the case of the Night of St. Bartholomew or religious wars, such as the conflict between Catholics and Protestants during the Thirty Years’ War. In this paper we will try to identify the concrete ways in which John Locke describes the limits of tolerance between the two powers, that of the Commonwealth or the State, which takes into consideration only the body, and that of the Church, which deals only with the soul. If the limits of tolerance are respected, then irreconcilable conflicts between the two powers, the secular and the religious one, could be avoided.
From the beginning of his text A Letter Concerning Tolerance, John Locke, specifies that tolerance is, first and foremost, a practical ideal and, secondly, a moral one. In the vision of the British philosopher, tolerance must be the essential feature of the true Church because in the field of religious faith any claimed superiority is in fact only the expression of the struggle for power and domination. Starting from the principles of tolerance, John Locke’s fundamental idea was to find those elements through which a fundamental separation between the Church and the State could be achieved. However, the separation between the State and the Church is not enough if there is no balance between these two powers. Also, tolerance ceases when the Church and the State merge or mix discreetly until they can no longer distinguish the boundaries between them. This mixture and confusion between the roles of the State and those of the Church can lead to extremely serious situations such as religious massacres as was the case of the Night of St. Bartholomew or religious wars, such as the conflict between Catholics and Protestants during the Thirty Years’ War. In this paper we will try to identify the concrete ways in which John Locke describes the limits of tolerance between the two powers, that of the Commonwealth or the State, which takes into consideration only the body, and that of the Church, which deals only with the soul. If the limits of tolerance are respected, then irreconcilable conflicts between the two powers, the secular and the religious one, could be avoided.
Description
DUMITRESCU, Marius. Toleranţa ca ideal practic în filosofia lui John Locke. In: Şcoala internaţională de metodologie în ştiinţele socio-umane. Dezvoltarea personală și educația pentru societate: temeiuri epistemologice actuale: conferinţa știinţifică internaţională, ediţia a 4-a, 19-20 noiembrie, 2020. Chișinău: CEP USM, 2020, pp. 39-40.
Keywords
toleranţă, separaţie, credinţă şi raţiune, Biserică şi Stat, ideal practic, tolerance, separation, faith and reason, Church and State, practical ideal
Citation
DUMITRESCU, Marius. Toleranţa ca ideal practic în filosofia lui John Locke. In: Şcoala internaţională de metodologie în ştiinţele socio-umane. Dezvoltarea personală și educația pentru societate: temeiuri epistemologice actuale: conferinţa știinţifică internaţională, ediţia a 4-a, 19-20 noiembrie, 2020. Chișinău: CEP USM, 2020, pp. 39-40.