Rolul guvernului privat indirect în revenirea spectaculoasă a rebelilor M23 [Articol]
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Abstract
În inima Africii, în extremitatea orientală a Republicii Democrate Congo, masacrele și dezastrele umanitare au atins apogeul haosului. La aproape 20 de ani de la sfârșitul marelui război african, violența armată este în creștere în regiunea Kivu de Nord, o zonă care continuă să înregistreze niveluri de violență mai ridicate decât unele locuri clasificate drept cele mai violente din lume. Militarizarea continuă să schimbe peisajul politic al țării, iar permanența și ascensiunea grupurilor armate au devenit fenomene recurente. Asistăm, astfel, la o înlănțuire vicioasă a grupurilor armate: când un grup dispare, altul apare din ruinele sale. Acest fenomen poate părea inexplicabil la prima vedere, mai ales după amalgamul de acorduri de pace și implicații externe, dar poate fi înțeles dacă îl analizăm sub spectrul guvernării private indirecte, concept teoretizat de Achille Mbembe în 1999. Astfel, departe de stat, într-un spațiu rupt de restul țării, apare o nouă formă de organizare a puterii, bazată pe principalele mijloace de constrângere (forța armată, mijloace de intimidare, închisoare, expropriere, asasinate) în cadrul unor teritorii care nu mai depind de o concepţie tradiţională a statului. Provincia Kivu de Nord corespunde acestei descrieri, fiind un spațiu rupt de restul tării. Pornind de la ipoteza potrivit căreia cazul M23 reprezintă un exemplu concret de guvern privat indirect, această lucrare are ca scop verificarea aplicabilității acestui concept, prin descifrarea procesului de apariție a acestei adevărate burghezii militare est-congoleze, folosind revenirea spectaculoasă a grupului rebel M23 ca micro-studiu de caz. La aproape un deceniu după ce au fost înfrânți, rebelii M23 activează masiv în teritoriile greu-încercate din regiunea Kivu de Nord.
In the heart of Africa, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), massacres and humanitarian disasters have reached the heighest level of chaos. Nearly 20 years after the end of the Great African War, armed violence is on the rise in the North Kivu region, an area that continues to see levels of violence higher than some of the most violent places in the world. Militarization continues to change the country's political landscape, and the permanence and rise of armed groups have become recurring phenomena. There is a vicious chain of armed groups: when one group disappears, another emerges from its ruins. This phenomenon may seem inexplicable at first glance, especially after the amalgamation of peace agreements and external implications, but it can be understood if we analyze it under the spectrum of indirect private governance, a concept theorized by Achille Mbembe in 1999. Thus, far from the state, in a space cut off from the rest of the country, a new form of power organization appears, based on the main means of coercion (armed force, means of intimidation, imprisonment, expropriation, assassinations) within territories that no longer depend on a traditional conception of the state . The province of North Kivu corresponds to this description. Starting from the hypothesis that the case of M23 represents a concrete example of indirect private government, this paper aims to verify the applicability of this concept, by deciphering the process of the emergence of this true Eastern Congolese military bourgeoisie, using the spectacular return of the M23 rebel group as a case study. Almost a decade after being defeated, the M23 rebels are massively active in the hard-fought territories of the North Kivu region.
In the heart of Africa, in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), massacres and humanitarian disasters have reached the heighest level of chaos. Nearly 20 years after the end of the Great African War, armed violence is on the rise in the North Kivu region, an area that continues to see levels of violence higher than some of the most violent places in the world. Militarization continues to change the country's political landscape, and the permanence and rise of armed groups have become recurring phenomena. There is a vicious chain of armed groups: when one group disappears, another emerges from its ruins. This phenomenon may seem inexplicable at first glance, especially after the amalgamation of peace agreements and external implications, but it can be understood if we analyze it under the spectrum of indirect private governance, a concept theorized by Achille Mbembe in 1999. Thus, far from the state, in a space cut off from the rest of the country, a new form of power organization appears, based on the main means of coercion (armed force, means of intimidation, imprisonment, expropriation, assassinations) within territories that no longer depend on a traditional conception of the state . The province of North Kivu corresponds to this description. Starting from the hypothesis that the case of M23 represents a concrete example of indirect private government, this paper aims to verify the applicability of this concept, by deciphering the process of the emergence of this true Eastern Congolese military bourgeoisie, using the spectacular return of the M23 rebel group as a case study. Almost a decade after being defeated, the M23 rebels are massively active in the hard-fought territories of the North Kivu region.
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Citation
URS, Andreea Bianca. Rolul guvernului privat indirect în revenirea spectaculoasă a rebelilor M23. In: Şcoala internaţională de metodologie în ştiinţele socioumane. Educație și gândire critică = International Methodological School in Social and Human Sciences. Education and critical thinking: conferință științifică internațională, ediţia a 5-a, 17-18 noiembrie 2022, Chişinău. Chișinău: CEP USM, 2022, pp. 62-63.