Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item DE LA IMPERIUL RUS LA IMPERIUL SOVIETIC: EVOLUȚIA CONCEPTULUI MOLDOVENISMULUI ÎN CERCETĂRILE ETNONAȚIONALE(CEP USM, 2024) Moroi, NataliaOficialitățile imperiale rusești foloseau doar termenii „moldoveni” și „limbă moldovenească”, cercetărorii și liderii politici formați în Imperiul Rus foloseau termenii „moldoveni” și „limba moldovenească”, români și limba română în calitate de termeni interschimbabili, chiar și după lovitura de stat din octombrie 1917. Dar „noua” istoriografie sovietică, la temelia căreia stă articolul lui C. Derjavin, manifestă de la bun început ura totală față de termenul român și sintagma limba română. În primul deceniu de după revoluția din februarie 1917 cercetarea problemelor etnnonaționale a decurs în temeiul planurilor elaborate încă în Imperiul Rus, în timpul primului război mondial. Unicul specialist care s-a preocupat de această problemă a fost L.Berg, alții, de fapt nici nu existau în acel timp. Continuarea promovării de către bolșevici a tradițiilor imperiale, politică care s-a manifestat deschis în privința Basarabiei, a dus la implicarea directă a organelor de partid și sovietice în problema determinării apartenenței etnonaționale și a limbii vorbite de către românii din Basarabia. Cu toate că unii dintre liderii politici sovietici cominterniști, promotori ai extinderii „revoluției proletare” afirmau foarte clar că locuitorii băștinași ai Basarabiei și din stânga Nistrului sunt români și limba vorbită de ei este limba română, această poziție corectă a lor venea în contradicție cu politica națională de sorginte imperială promovată de URSS. În atare situație, căutând să legitimeze republica tampon creată pe malul stâng al Nistrului – RASS Moldovenească, dar și pretențiile asupra Basarabiei, unii autori, nespecialiști în domeniul în care se pronunțau, dar mai ales liderii politici locali, așa numiții „autohtoniști”, reieșind doar din motive politice, au repus la ordinea zilei teoria proletcultistă conform căreia moldovenii ar fi un popor înrudit cu românii, dar totuși altul, iar limba vorbită de ei, este „limba moldovenească”, o limbă vorbită de popor, deosebită de limba română.Item BASARABIA LA 1828: PROCESE DEMOGRAFICE, STRUCTURI SOCIALE ŞI CONFESIUNI RELIGIOASE (Descrisă într-un memoriu prezentat instituţiilor imperiale ruse) (Partea I)(CEP USM, 2022) Tomuleț, ValentinThe author analyzes a memorandum from 1828, kept in the Chancellery Fund of the governor of Bessarabia (ANRM, F. 2, inv. 1, d. 1199, f. 1-69 verse), presented by the regional institutions of the imperial administration of St. Petersburg, after the suppression of the limited temporary autonomy of Bessarabia, based on the Regulation of February 29, 1828. The memorandum, which includes several tables describing the economic, social and religious situation of Bessarabia in 1828, is accompanied by a rather detailed commentary on the tables, which is more like a report, which the regional institutions presented annually at Petersburg starting with 1842 (at the beginning the data referring to the population included information for entire Bessarabia, and starting with 1847 – for each county center and for every county). The memorandum includes data on the area of the counties, the total number of the population divided by sex, social categories (nobles, clergy, peasants, members of szlachta, foreign colonists, the poor), the number of houses, in addition to those in urban areas included in this statistic, the number of localities in each county, depending on the number of houses (households), the surface of arable land, pastures, forests etc. Of particular interest are the compartments dedicated to the state of cities, different branches of rural and urban households: animal husbandry, agricultural development, handicrafts and various craft branches, factories and plants, internal and external trade, the moral character of the population, denominations. Quite valuable are the detailed comments (69 pages written on both sides) with reference to the 10 tables, attached at the end of the memorandum, which give us the opportunity to understand the processes that took place in Bessarabia during this time.Item SISTEMUL IMPERIAL DE PRIVILEGII NOBILIARE ÎN BASARABIA PRIMEI TREIMI A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(Lexon-Prim, 2022) Boțolin, SergiuThe elite in Bessarabia were drawn to the idea of becoming part of the Russian nobility, which included privileges associated with this social status. In addition to the material benefits that the status of a Russian noble could generate, attention should also be paid to the symbolic attributes. Belonging to a supposedly superior culture to the local one led to changes in behaviour, attitudes, and perceptions. As such, those who aspired to the status of a Russian noble attempted to adopt the appropriate customs regarding lifestyle. The struggle for material privileges led to an increased degree of dependence on imperial authorities, while also affecting cohesion within the local noble community.Item „PRIVILEGIAŢII” ÎN STRUCTURA SOCIALĂ A BASARABIEI (1812–1871)(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the present study, the author discusses the status of being privileged in Bessarabia after the annexation of this territory to the Russian Empire. Showcasing the boiernași, mazils and ruptasi, the author notes that belonging to the status of the “privileged” was of a hereditary nature. By their very name, the boiernași, as well as the mazils, preserved the “memory of being a boyar” and always opted for maintaining their ancestral privileges, as did the other privileged people. The imperial administration did not approve of these social and fiscal categories of society and granted them privileged status only temporarily, preserving, for a certain period of time, the particularities that existed in Moldova. The tendency to standardize the social structure and liquidate the social conditions specific to the Moldavian society was continuous in the sights of the imperial institutions. In accordance with the Regulation on the rights of belonging to the social estates of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the Tsarist authorities made the Bessarabian boiernași equal in rights with the personal nobles of Russia (if the boiernași did not hold administrative positions, they were passed, compulsorily, in the category of mazils), calling them personal nobles from then on, and the mazils and ruptasi in the category of Russian odnodvortsy.Item COOPTAREA ELITEI LOCALE ÎN BASARABIA: EXPLORAREA STRATEGIILOR IMPERIALE ÎN PERIOADA 1812–1828(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Boțolin, SergiuThis study presents a comprehensive analysis of strategies aimed at co-opting the local elite, deemed a fundamental component in the governance of the Bessarabia post-1812. It seeks to reinforce and enhance the policy of integrating Bessarabia into the political, economic, and social frameworks of the Russian Empire. A central focal point of this discourse is the imperial system of noble privileges, which was extended to include the Bessarabian elite and had a substantial impact on regional dynamics. The study delves into how these privileges were employed to attract local elites and secure their support and allegiance. Furthermore, it explores facets concerning the integration of the elite into the service of the Russian Empire and the formalization of this alliance.Item POLITICA LINGVISTICĂ A IMPERIULUI RUS ÎN BASARABIA ÎN ANII 1834 –1871(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Eremia, IonThe sources examined attest that we must have no illusions about the purpose pursued by the imperial authorities, namely the total Russification of the inhabitants of the annexed territories. Discordant voices of specialists from both the Russian Empire and contemporary Russia clearly indicate that the annexed territories were colonies of the empire, and the inhabitants were condemned to cultural stagnation. During the examined period, in the region of Bessarabia, the area of use of the Romanian language was totally restricted in school, church, administration, court. Access even to primary education was allowed children aged 8-10 only if they were able to read and write in the language Russian. But, despite the efforts made by the authorities, in the chronological segment investigated here, the years 1834-1871 – the Russification of the inhabitants was not successful – the Russian language was known at a fairly high level modest or even by the population. The timid attempts of some representatives of dvorenimi to improve and intensify the process of studying the Romanian language by bringing books necessary from Moldova across the Prut and from Wallachia, collided with the categorical refusal of imperial authorities, as well as the attempts to edit a newspaper in Romanian. Despite efforts made by the imperial authorities, the school did not prove to be an effective instrument of russification, but to make a better system of education, tsarism neither wanted nor was in condition. In general, the Russian Empire was a backward empire, slavery hindered the processes of modernization and, although it was liquidated in 1861, it does not mean that the situation changed immediately and we should have expected big changes. To these was added the inefficiency of the Russian bureaucratic-administrative system, but also the traditional conservatism of the local society in Bessarabia, which tacitly, but quite effectively, opposed the process of Russification.Item EVOLUŢIA INSTITUŢIILOR EDUCAŢIONALE EVREIEŞTI ÎN IMPERIUL RUS. CAZUL BASARABIEI(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Roitman, AlexandruEducation in the Jewish community has always held an important place. The Jewish education system has a long history. Its religious nature has contributed significantly to the preservation of the Jewish people and the perpetuation of their customs and traditions. Education for the Jewish population has always been not only a form of self-organization but also a way of transmitting the collective religious mentality. In this article, we aim to analyze several aspects of the evolution of Jewish education in the Russian Empire, as well as its particularities for the Jewish community in Bessarabia. We will describe the legislation and reforms that influenced the functioning of these educational institutions during the 19th century in the Russian Empire.Item TRANSFORMAREA ELITEI BASARABENE ÎN SUBIECT IMPERIAL(CEP USM, 2022) Boțolin, SergiuThe integration of the new territories into the Russian Empire involved, as a first step, the assimilation of local elites. The intensity and depth of this process was determined by many variables, from geographical to cultural factors. The assimilation of the elites was important both for the central authorities, in their willing to achieve a political and social stability in the newly annexed territories but also for the exponents of the local elite who, by integrating into the Russian nobility, obtained important privileges. In Bessarabia, this process, which lasted more than 20 years, proved to be extremely exhausting for both the authorities and the candidates. The series of ineffective commissions set up for this purpose in fact obstructed access to privileges that could be obtained with the status of noble. Hence the rivalries between the descendants of the old boyars in the Principality of Moldova, who often had difficulty gaining noble status in the Russian Empire, and those recently ennobled by virtue of their services to the central authorities.Item LATINITATEA ŞI ROMANITATEA BASARABIEI ÎN DESCRIERILE ŞI PERCEPŢIILE CĂLĂTORILOR RUŞI ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA(CEP USM, 2022) Corman, GalinaThe current article aims to examine the problem of the representation of the Latinity and Romanity by the Russian travelers of the territory between Prut and Dnestr annexed to Russia in 1812. It will analyze the emergence, the dynamic and the function of the image of Bessarabia as Latin, Romanian land with a Roman past. The research raised the question regarding the role which the texts of Russian travelers describing Bessarabia played in the context of the Russian imperial policy: if they can be considered as Documents or maybe as discursive determining practices which accompanied the Russian process of colonization in Bessarabia.Item TENTATIVE DE EMIGRARE A POPULAŢIEI DIN JUDEŢUL AKKERMAN ÎN EXTREMUL ORIENT ÎN ANII 1894-1895(CEP USM, 2021) Bolduma, ViorelIn this article, based on archive materials and published works, the author analyzes attempts to emigration of the population from the Akkerman county in the Amur/Priamur region, in the years 1894-1895. The main cause of population emigration is to be identified in the demographic processes that took place in the province in the first half century, in the policy of colonization and denationalization promoted by the Russian imperial administration, in the consequences of the agrarian reform of 1868, frequent droughts, epidemics and raising taxes. The imperial authorities practically did not stand in the way of granting permission for the emigration of the population. The main condition was to comply with the circulars and regulations issued, according to which emigration was allowed.