Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item PROTESTE ŞI REVENDICĂRI ALE MAZILILOR ŞI RUPTAŞILOR ÎN PRIMELE DECENII DUPĂ ANEXAREA BASARABIEI LA IMPERIUL RUS(2016) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on unpublished archival data, the author analyzes forms of protests and riots of mazili and ruptashi from Bessarabia in the first decades after its annexation. The author ascertains that while mazili and ruptashi have enjoyed certain privileges, the imperial administration did not enjoy them and did everything possible to suppress them. This measure coincided with Russian imperial policy to administratively and socially unify the newly annexed province. The process produced based on their gradual elimination, particularly of mazili, from various administrative and economic positions, and the undermining of their social prestige, that caused their discontent, reflected in various forms of rebellion and protest. With time, the rights of mazili were limited, being forced to obey local duties and pay different taxes along with ordinary tax-payers. As a result, some of them for different contraventions were transferred to the category of peasants, while others ruined and dissolved in related social categories of the peasantry. Despite this fact, mazili continued to keep even in the second half of the19th century their distinctive social and spiritual characteristics.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI (ȘI ALTE CATEGORII SOCIALE) ÎN STATISTICA RECENSĂMÂNTULUI POPULAȚIEI DIN 1817(2017) Tomuleț, ValentinAt the time of annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the Russian imperial institutions lacked concrete and reliable information on the number of people in the newly annexed province. The lack of statistical data for the entire province was also a problem for the regional administration, recently established in Chisinau, which for various reasons needed these data and constantly informed the imperial authorities about it. The population census became possible only in 1816-1817, when a number of concrete measures were taken in Bessarabia to establish an interim administration, to form of the first administrative and police institutions of power and some changes were made in the territorial administrative and customs and sanitary quarantine systems. In addition, the population had experienced the new regime of domination, the outflow of the population from the province to Moldova over the Prut was partially reduced, and the imperial administration was able to collect the first statistical data on the new annexed province. The results of the population census of 1817 were published in full in Russian, in 1907 by the historian I.N. Halippa, secretary of the Bessarabian Provincial Scientific Archival Committee. Subsequently, in 1920, the census was reproduced, this time in a more concise form, by Tudor Pamfile (only for the Hotin County), in 1929 – by professor of theology and history Constantin N. Tomescu, and in 1933 it was systematized by T. Porucic. The census forms contained the following components: 1. the name of districts and localities; 2. the economic situation of villages according to the category: a) good state, b) middle state (satisfactory), c) insufficient state (unsatisfactory); 3. statistics of the clergy: priests and their widows, deacons and their widows, church clerks and their widows, psalm readers and their widows, and vergers and their widows; 4. mazili and their widows; 5. ruptaşi and their widows; 6. statistics of lower social states: peasants (householders or “tax-paying householders”) and their widows, bachelors and hirelings, forgiven or scutelnici (in this category were included also “servants and servants supervisors, millers, beekeepers, foresters, shepherds and servants in households of estates owners”); 7. The total number of male households; 8. The total number of female households (widows); 9. additional information (which was not always filled in) – to whom belonged the estate of the village (the estate owner’s name), its surface according to the purpose of use – hayfield, plowing area, grassland, forests, and finally – useful buildings; sometimes we find data on old villages, which subsequently disappeared and were forgotten, and the distance between neighboring villages in versts. Statistics from 1817 attests that from the total number of 92 946 households, to mazili belonged 2370 (2.5%) households, to ruptaşi – 717 (0.8%), and to rupta de visterie and rupta de camara – 230 (0.2%) households. Most households of mazili were registered in Orhei county – 1386 (58.5%), followed by Iasi county – 464 (19.6%), Soroca county – 194 (8.2%), Hotin county – 82 (3.5 %), Bender county – 121 (5.1%), Ismail county – 74 (3.1%), Codru county – 46 (1.9), and Greceni county – 3 (0.1%) households. The Orhei County also prevailed in regard to ruptaşi: 512 (71.4%) – ruptaşi and 209 (90.9%) – rupta de visterie and rupta de camara.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI ȘTIUTORI DE CARTE DIN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(2015) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on previously unpublished archival sources the author considers two privileged categories of the population of Bessarabia – mazili and ruptaşi, attempting to show that some of them were literate and enjoyed respect and authority among the lower strata of the population. The number of literate mazili and ruptaşi possible, although quite diffi cult to identify by examination of the numerous petitions, complaints and claims addressed to county, regional and imperial institutions, especially in cases when after the fi scal censuses (1824, 1835, 1850, 1858) some of them for some reasons have not been identifi ed in the social class of mazili or in the fi scal class of ruptaşi. Another similar situation was attested after the entry into force of the Law of 10 March 1847, under which mazili and ruptaşi from Bessarabia were reclassifi ed to the Russian social category of odnodvortsy. Those, who for various reasons were not included in the list of the privileged classes of Bessarabia, had over the years to present documents proving that they belong to privileged social or fi scal categories. In addition to offi cial documents signed by former rulers of Moldavia and the decisions of Provisional Committee of Bessarabia, mazili and ruptaşi were required to present testimonies of 24 persons from the category of ruptaşi and mazili, who could confi rm under oath that the petitioners belong to mazili, ruptaşi or odnodvortsy. It is remarkable that the signatures on the testimonies argue that many of these ruptaşi and mazili were literate or at least were able to basically read and write. The signatures on these documents were made using Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, which means that after 1812 mazili and ruptaşi were taught to read and write at home.