Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item STAGIILE DE PRACTICĂ PEDAGOGICĂ: EXPERIENŢE EUROPENE (Universitatea Aveiro, Portugalia)(CEP USM, 2012) Rotaru, Liliana; Hămuraru, MariaAutorii analizează sistemul de organizare a practicii de specialitate pentru programele de master care au drept scop pregătirea cadrelor didactice pentru învăţământul preuniversitar în Portugalia. La baza cercetărilor au stat programele de master în ştiinţele educaţiei şi experienţa Departamentului Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei din cadrul Universităţii din Aveiro, Portugalia. Este specificat faptul că, conform legislaţiei portugheze, cadrul didactic pentru învăţământul preuniversitar, indiferent de ciclu, se formează doar la Ciclul II – Master al învăţământului universitar. Cadrul legal al practicii pedagogice ghidate este reglementat în Decretul nr.43 din 22 februarie 2007 al Ministerului Educaţiei al Portugaliei. Autorii au examinat sistemul de organizare a practicii pedagogice ghidate, locul practicii în planul de învăţământ la diferite programe de master în domeniul educaţiei, numărul de credite alocate, modul de monitorizare şi evaluare a ei. Experienţa preluată în cadrul proiectului TEREC (Modernizarea formării profesionale a cadrelor didactice pentru învăţământul preuniversitar) şi practica de organizare a stagiilor pedagogice ghidate de la Universitatea din Aveiro ar putea fi utilizate pentru conceptualizareaItem FORME ALE SCHIMBULUI PREMONETAR ÎN SUMER(CEP USM, 2013) Corobcean, AndreiItem UNELE ASPECTE ALE PROBLEMEI REFLECTĂRII DIFERENŢELOR ETNICE ÎN VARIAŢIA STILISTICĂ A ARTEFACTELOR(2010) Corobcean, AndreiItem CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND SCHIMBUL CU SARE ÎN MILENIILE VI-II Î. HR. ÎN SPAŢIUL CARPATO-DUNĂREAN(2010) Cavruc, ValeriuThe article deals with prehistoric salt production and exchange of salt in south-east and east-central Europe. The major points of the article are: 1. the modeling of the traditional forms of salt production and exchange in the area; 2. the identification of archaeological indications specific to every type of salt production and exchange; 3. the classification of available archaeological evidence of prehistoric salt production and exchange in Carpatho-Danubian Salt had two major senses during prehistoric period: on one hand it was as a good of daily consumption and thrifty use, on the other hand it was the exotic good. Every of these senses implied different types of production and exchange. The daily consumption and thrifty use salt could be made both within domestic and industrial productions. Of these, only industrial one was intended for long-distance exchange of salt. Salt as the exotic good was made only within special i.e. „sacred” type of production. This type of industry produced „miraculous” salt which was mainly, if not exclusively, intended for long-distance exchange. The available archaeological evidence of salt production in the Carpatho-Danubian area is classifi ed in the article on the above principles (tab. 1). Thus, the Neolithic salt production centers from Subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca and Ţolici) as well as the Eneolithic one from the same area (Cucuieţi) are attributed in the article to the domestic production of salt for daily consumption and thrifty use. The main goal of this type of production was to produce salt for domestic use or/and for short-distance traffic. Neolithic and especially Eneolithic salt production attested at Provadia-Solnitsata (northeast Bulgaria) is classifi ed as industrial one. It produced common salt by evaporation of brine, and its main destination was the long-distance exchange, perhaps to east Balkans and North-Pontic area. The Eneolithic salt production centers from subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca, Ţolici, Cacica, Solca etc.) produced exotic salt in the form of small cone-shaped cakes by evaporation in small briquetage. It was produced for longdistance exchange. The two Early Bronze Age salt production sites from northern Transylvania (Băile Figa and Săsarm) are classifi ed as the domestic production centers which extracted rock salt for their own use and/or for short-distance traffic. More attention is paid in the article to the end of Middle and Late Bronze Age (the end of 17th-9th centuries BC) salt mining centers from Transylvania and Maramureş: Băile Figa, Caila, Săsarm, Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor, Valea Regilor (Tisolovo) and Solotvino (Ocna Slatina) (Case Study). By all the available evidence, these centers seem to have been involved in the large-scale salt production and long-distance trade. Blocks of rock salt were traded from these centers to Hungarian Plane, by Someş and Tisa rivers. It is well-known fact that the period of functioning of the above salt mining production centers was the one of widest spread of tin bronze objects in the area. That is why, it seems likely that in exchange of salt its owners get, among other goods, tin.Item CONFIRMAREA TITLURILOR NOBILIARE DE CĂTRE BOIERIMEA DIN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SEC. AL XIX-LEA: FAMILIA DE NOBILI FRUNZETTI (FRUNZĂ)(2013) Gherasim, CristinaAfter the annexation of the territory between the Dniester and Prut, the tsarist administration sought to attract the Bessarabian nobility. The main method to solve this problem was the accession of the Bessarabian nobility to the Russian nobility. However, achievement of this goal required not only time, but also a lot of effort on the part of the Bessarabian boyars, who had to confirm not only their aristocratic origins, ancestry and titles, but also the ownership of the lands they owned before the annexation. Therefore, for many years Bessarabian nobles had to provide the Russian administration with the documents of their noble origin.Item NEAMUL DE NOBILI BASARABENI MĂCĂRESCU(2013) Gherasim, CristinaThe study of the archival documents allows us to establish the fact that Măcărescu was an old aristocratic boyar family from the Moldavian territory over Prut, which acti vely fit into the life of Bessarabia after the annexation. Documents submitted to the Com mission instituted to verify the boyar social rank had proved that indeed the reprezenta tives of the Măcărescu belong to the social category of the nobles, being descendants of Mihail Măcărescu, a royal clerc. During the nineteenth century the representatives of this family fought for the confirmation and the reconfirmation of the title of nobility. We also can conclude that the Măcărescu family members had pretty large properties, have held various positions in the Russian imperial administration. In addition they were actively involved in the social life of Bessarabia. In conclusion we can see that Măcărescu family history contributed to the building of Bessarabia in the nineteenth century along with other aristocratic families and the entire population of the territory between the Prut and Dniester.Item STATUTUL CĂLĂRAŞILOR DIN BASARABIA: DE LA ADMINISTRAŢIA MOLDOVENEASCĂ LA CEA IMPERIALĂ RUSĂ(2013) Tomuleț, ValentinIn this study, based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes the status of călăraşi based on the comparative approach: from the Moldovan traditions to Russian imperial administrative system. The author ascertains that călăraşi as the guards’ category were mentioned in the documentary information from the 16th century, as being recruited among free peasants and obliged to go to war on their own account at the request of the rulers, for tax exemption or the right to use royal estates. Over the centuries this social category has undergone significant changes, not only numerically but also in terms of social and legal status. In the 18th century, with the decline of military importance of the călăraşi, their secondary tasks were maintained and extended. The privileges enjoyed by this social category were confirmed by rulers, similar to the privileged classes of society. Upon annexation of Bessarabia to Russia călăraşi kept only auxiliary functions, being considered serving for local governments, persons responsible for local security; during wartime they participated in the finding of carts for the transportation of supplies, etc. Călăraşi formed indigenous militia and were at the command of ispravnic for the execution of different tasks in the counties. They were employed in the service from the free villages exempted of any drudgery and tax, but a military billeting; they immediately obeyed ispravnic’s orders, receiving annual payment in money. Over time, the tsarist government, as with other social groups, tried to regulate this category of servants, limiting their activities, reducing substantially its number and fitting it into some legal rules. For this purpose there even was made up a regulation statute for călăraşi. Despite privileges enjoyed by this social category, the situation of călăraşi was not easy, as evidenced by the many complaints from them at various district and regional administrative offices.Item BURGHEZIA BASARABEANĂ ÎN EPOCA MODERNĂ (clasificarea, caracteristica, evoluţia)(2012) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the given article the author defines the bourgeoisie as a social category linked mainly to the urban economy, which has capital and power of decision in capitalist community. The author classifies Bessarabian bourgeoisie of the nineteenth century into four categories: 1. “Economic bourgeoisie” (commercial, usurious, industrial etc.) covers, in fact, those layers that are closely linked to economic activity: the large merchants (the first and second guild), moneylenders, owners of commercial and industrial enterprises etc., which differed from each other not so much in terms of origin and the place they occupy in society, but especially in terms of interests and level of wealth. This social group was formed after the introduction of guild reform in Bessarabia according to the decision of the Governing Senate of 26 September 1830. 2. The second category consisted of state officials. Promoting a national-colonial policy in Bessarabia, tsarism based not only on the small part of local nobility that it could draw to work in various state institutions, but also on foreign element, which consisted mainly of civilian and, especially, military Russian nobility. During the first half of the nineteenth century, when there was an institutional modernization, this layer, ignored by the aristocratic elite, was evolved into the bourgeoisie, and a small part of it was actively involved in economic activities. 3. A special category was formed of people engaged in the intellectual labour, which were representatives of a wide enough range of professions: teachers of different specialities, doctors, lawyers, attorneys, engineers, etc. Characterized by different levels of wages and, respectively, different levels of wealth, this category was also varied and, like the rest, differed only by intellectual training and professional qualifi cation. 4. On the lowest level in the Bessarabian social hierarchy there was “the petty bourgeoisie” (the lower middle class), which brought together representatives of different professions - small traders (the third guild of merchants), artisans of various specialties, owners of grocery stores, inns, coffee shops, and restaurants, chemists, butchers, petty officers, etc. The rapid development of Bessarabia towards capitalism had essentially contributed to social instability of this layer, thus causing their passage up and down the social scale. An example of this is the layer of guild merchants, who were constantly moved from one guild to another and from this social category in the petty bourgeoisie. Analysing the commercial bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie, the author concludes that the peripheral situation of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire has determined clearly discriminatory attitude of central authorities towards the region, which was reflected in the restriction of the rights and opportunities for local residents, mostly Moldovans, through the attraction of foreign merchants and traders from the Russian provinces, providing them with various benefi ts. As a result, the lack of state unity and national independence, political domination and economic exploitation by the Russian Empire directly influenced the genesis of bourgeoisie of Bessarabia. As a result, the bourgeoisie of Bessarabia was established as cosmopolitan social structure consisted largely of alien elements, supported and protected by the imperial administration.Item ELITE ALE BURGHEZIEI BASARABENE: NEGUSTORII DE GHILDĂ ANGROSIŞTI DIN CHIŞINĂU (1812-1868)(2013) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the given article, based on the published monographic literature and unpublished ar chival sources, the author makes a brief description of the “elite” concept and by the examining the Jewish, Armenian and Greek wholesale merchants raise the issue of the commercial elite of Chisinau, which was formed shortly after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1812. The author states that the genesis and evolution of Bessarabian bourgeoisie in general, and the commercial-industrial in particular, was influenced by multiple factors, both econo mic and political, both internal and external. A special place in this respect belongs to the immigration of alien merchants to Bessarabia – Armenians, Greek, Jews, Bulgarians, and those from the interior provinces of Russia, many of whom settled in the province for per manent residence, filling the ranks of the commercial bourgeoisie of Bessarabia as a conse quence of national-commercial policy promoted by the imperial government in the newly annexed territory. Based on the example of allogeneic merchants, but also on the history of Panteleimon Sinadino – the Greek merchant of the first guild from Chisinau, whose commer cial capital reached in the 1830-ies the value of 2 million rubles, the authors analyze the pro cess of establishment of commercial bourgeoisie in Chisinau. The author notes that after application in Bessarabia, starting from 1831, of guild struc ture, there is a continuous movement “up” and “down” on the artificial line separating this so cial state – representatives of the second or third merchant guild, enlisted into the category of first guild merchant and merchants of first guild transfer into second or third guild, and ruined merchants enlisted even into the category of petty bourgeoisie. Possibilities to join this social group, both from the elite “top” (from among aristocratic elements or semi-aristocratic – although their number was quite small) and from the “bottom” (from among inferior ele ments – particularly craftsmen and peasants) will grow continuously, becoming real with the strengthening of economic, social and political development of this social category. Moreover, adapting to the new development trends generated by modernization tendencies of social rela tions and influenced by generic factors – economic, demographic, social and political, the elite of the commercial bourgeoisie from Chisinau, in the process of evolution will be quite active, encompassing and, at the same time, rejecting more and more components. As a result, the elite of commercial bourgeoisie in Bessarabia did not form a homogenous whole, neither from the point of view of composition, nor of the sphere of activity and values and way of life. Along with the wholesaler rich commercial bourgeoisie, of the first and second guild, that, in fact, constituted the elite segment of the commercial bourgeoisie in Chisinau, often we can observe small commercial bourgeoisie – of the third guild, much poorer and weakerItem REPREZENTANŢI AI ELITEI BURGHEZE DIN BASARABIA: NEGUSTORUL GREC PANTELEI SINADINO (anii ’30-’50 ai sec. al XIX-lea)(2013) Tomuleț, Valentin; Bivol, VictoriaIn this article, the authors put in discussion the issue of Bessarabian bourgeois elite, having as its representative the Greek merchant Pantelei Sinadino presented in archival sources as a Turkish citizen, who since 1829 owned in Chişinău a real estate valued at 50 thousand rubles and was enlisted in the class of first guild merchants in Chisinau. Commercial capital owned by P. Sinadino reached in 1830s about 2 million rubles and was formed not only through trade and usury. He also owned various commercial and industrial enterprises. In 1836 P. Sinadino owned a wool washhouse in the Visterniceni (or Râşcani) estate located not far from Chişinău, which washed 30,000 poods of wool per year. It was bringing an income of 7,000 rubles. Despite the fact that P. Sinadino had a great commercial capital, in 1840, following the abolition of trade privileges granted by Guild Regulation of September 26, 1830, he moved to the class of second guild merchants. In this category, with a few interruptions, he remained in the following years. This proves once again that the commercial bourgeoisie sought different ways to enjoy all the privileges granted by the tsarist government, trying to evade duties. So, a merchant could go to a lower guild, and then, after providing new benefi ts, get back in the first guild. P. Sinadino increased his capital through the exploitation of small producers, having rented in 1840 a number of localities with huge areas of land – Şerpeni, Pugăceni, Dubasarii Vechi, Corjova, Bilacheva, etc. According to documentary evidence, the peasants of these villages were subjected to various long-lasting and hard drudgeries as well as public corporal punishments. The case of Greek merchant P. Sinadino shows that foreign bourgeoisie found in Bessarabia extensive field for trading and thanks to privileges granted by Russian government received a real opportunity to accumulate huge commercial capital and to monopolize not only the most important branches of domestic and foreign trade, but also industry, usury, etc. It was a serious obstacle in the process of formation of national commercial bourgeoisie in Bessarabia.