Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item STAGIILE DE PRACTICĂ PEDAGOGICĂ: EXPERIENŢE EUROPENE (Universitatea Aveiro, Portugalia)(CEP USM, 2012) Rotaru, Liliana; Hămuraru, MariaAutorii analizează sistemul de organizare a practicii de specialitate pentru programele de master care au drept scop pregătirea cadrelor didactice pentru învăţământul preuniversitar în Portugalia. La baza cercetărilor au stat programele de master în ştiinţele educaţiei şi experienţa Departamentului Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei din cadrul Universităţii din Aveiro, Portugalia. Este specificat faptul că, conform legislaţiei portugheze, cadrul didactic pentru învăţământul preuniversitar, indiferent de ciclu, se formează doar la Ciclul II – Master al învăţământului universitar. Cadrul legal al practicii pedagogice ghidate este reglementat în Decretul nr.43 din 22 februarie 2007 al Ministerului Educaţiei al Portugaliei. Autorii au examinat sistemul de organizare a practicii pedagogice ghidate, locul practicii în planul de învăţământ la diferite programe de master în domeniul educaţiei, numărul de credite alocate, modul de monitorizare şi evaluare a ei. Experienţa preluată în cadrul proiectului TEREC (Modernizarea formării profesionale a cadrelor didactice pentru învăţământul preuniversitar) şi practica de organizare a stagiilor pedagogice ghidate de la Universitatea din Aveiro ar putea fi utilizate pentru conceptualizareaItem UNELE ASPECTE ALE PROBLEMEI REFLECTĂRII DIFERENŢELOR ETNICE ÎN VARIAŢIA STILISTICĂ A ARTEFACTELOR(2010) Corobcean, AndreiItem CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND SCHIMBUL CU SARE ÎN MILENIILE VI-II Î. HR. ÎN SPAŢIUL CARPATO-DUNĂREAN(2010) Cavruc, ValeriuThe article deals with prehistoric salt production and exchange of salt in south-east and east-central Europe. The major points of the article are: 1. the modeling of the traditional forms of salt production and exchange in the area; 2. the identification of archaeological indications specific to every type of salt production and exchange; 3. the classification of available archaeological evidence of prehistoric salt production and exchange in Carpatho-Danubian Salt had two major senses during prehistoric period: on one hand it was as a good of daily consumption and thrifty use, on the other hand it was the exotic good. Every of these senses implied different types of production and exchange. The daily consumption and thrifty use salt could be made both within domestic and industrial productions. Of these, only industrial one was intended for long-distance exchange of salt. Salt as the exotic good was made only within special i.e. „sacred” type of production. This type of industry produced „miraculous” salt which was mainly, if not exclusively, intended for long-distance exchange. The available archaeological evidence of salt production in the Carpatho-Danubian area is classifi ed in the article on the above principles (tab. 1). Thus, the Neolithic salt production centers from Subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca and Ţolici) as well as the Eneolithic one from the same area (Cucuieţi) are attributed in the article to the domestic production of salt for daily consumption and thrifty use. The main goal of this type of production was to produce salt for domestic use or/and for short-distance traffic. Neolithic and especially Eneolithic salt production attested at Provadia-Solnitsata (northeast Bulgaria) is classifi ed as industrial one. It produced common salt by evaporation of brine, and its main destination was the long-distance exchange, perhaps to east Balkans and North-Pontic area. The Eneolithic salt production centers from subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca, Ţolici, Cacica, Solca etc.) produced exotic salt in the form of small cone-shaped cakes by evaporation in small briquetage. It was produced for longdistance exchange. The two Early Bronze Age salt production sites from northern Transylvania (Băile Figa and Săsarm) are classifi ed as the domestic production centers which extracted rock salt for their own use and/or for short-distance traffic. More attention is paid in the article to the end of Middle and Late Bronze Age (the end of 17th-9th centuries BC) salt mining centers from Transylvania and Maramureş: Băile Figa, Caila, Săsarm, Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor, Valea Regilor (Tisolovo) and Solotvino (Ocna Slatina) (Case Study). By all the available evidence, these centers seem to have been involved in the large-scale salt production and long-distance trade. Blocks of rock salt were traded from these centers to Hungarian Plane, by Someş and Tisa rivers. It is well-known fact that the period of functioning of the above salt mining production centers was the one of widest spread of tin bronze objects in the area. That is why, it seems likely that in exchange of salt its owners get, among other goods, tin.Item BURGHEZIA BASARABEANĂ ÎN EPOCA MODERNĂ (clasificarea, caracteristica, evoluţia)(2012) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the given article the author defines the bourgeoisie as a social category linked mainly to the urban economy, which has capital and power of decision in capitalist community. The author classifies Bessarabian bourgeoisie of the nineteenth century into four categories: 1. “Economic bourgeoisie” (commercial, usurious, industrial etc.) covers, in fact, those layers that are closely linked to economic activity: the large merchants (the first and second guild), moneylenders, owners of commercial and industrial enterprises etc., which differed from each other not so much in terms of origin and the place they occupy in society, but especially in terms of interests and level of wealth. This social group was formed after the introduction of guild reform in Bessarabia according to the decision of the Governing Senate of 26 September 1830. 2. The second category consisted of state officials. Promoting a national-colonial policy in Bessarabia, tsarism based not only on the small part of local nobility that it could draw to work in various state institutions, but also on foreign element, which consisted mainly of civilian and, especially, military Russian nobility. During the first half of the nineteenth century, when there was an institutional modernization, this layer, ignored by the aristocratic elite, was evolved into the bourgeoisie, and a small part of it was actively involved in economic activities. 3. A special category was formed of people engaged in the intellectual labour, which were representatives of a wide enough range of professions: teachers of different specialities, doctors, lawyers, attorneys, engineers, etc. Characterized by different levels of wages and, respectively, different levels of wealth, this category was also varied and, like the rest, differed only by intellectual training and professional qualifi cation. 4. On the lowest level in the Bessarabian social hierarchy there was “the petty bourgeoisie” (the lower middle class), which brought together representatives of different professions - small traders (the third guild of merchants), artisans of various specialties, owners of grocery stores, inns, coffee shops, and restaurants, chemists, butchers, petty officers, etc. The rapid development of Bessarabia towards capitalism had essentially contributed to social instability of this layer, thus causing their passage up and down the social scale. An example of this is the layer of guild merchants, who were constantly moved from one guild to another and from this social category in the petty bourgeoisie. Analysing the commercial bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie, the author concludes that the peripheral situation of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire has determined clearly discriminatory attitude of central authorities towards the region, which was reflected in the restriction of the rights and opportunities for local residents, mostly Moldovans, through the attraction of foreign merchants and traders from the Russian provinces, providing them with various benefi ts. As a result, the lack of state unity and national independence, political domination and economic exploitation by the Russian Empire directly influenced the genesis of bourgeoisie of Bessarabia. As a result, the bourgeoisie of Bessarabia was established as cosmopolitan social structure consisted largely of alien elements, supported and protected by the imperial administration.Item ELITE ALE BURGHEZIEI BASARABENE: NEGUSTORII ANGROSIŞTI ARMENI ŞI GRECI (1812-1868)(2012) Tomuleț, Valentin; Bivol, VictoriaIn the given article, based on the published monographic literature and unpublished archival sources, the authors make a brief description of the concept of the elite and by the examining the Armenian and Greek wholesale merchants raise the issue of the commercial elite of Bessarabia, which was formed shortly after its annexation to the Russian Empire in 1812. The authors state that the genesis and evolution of Bessarabian bourgeoisie in general, and the commercial-industrial in particular, was influenced by multiple factors, both economic and political, both internal and external. A special place in this respect belongs to the immigration of alien merchants to Bessarabia – Armenians, Greek, Jews, Bulgarians, and those from the interior provinces of Russia, many of whom settled in the province for permanent residence, filling the ranks of the commercial bourgeoisie of Bessarabia as a consequence of national-commercial policy promoted by the imperial government in the newly annexed territory. Based on the example of Armenian merchants, but also on the history of Panteleimon Sinadino – the Greek merchant of the first guild from Chisinau, whose commercial capital reached in the 1830-ies the value of 2 million rubles, the authors analyze the process of establishment of commercial bourgeoisie in Bessarabia.Item EXODUL POPULAŢIEI DIN BASARABIA ÎN MOLDOVA DE PESTE PRUT (ANII 1812-1828)(2012) Tomuleţ, ValentinQuestion regarding the exodus of the population from Bessarabia to Principality of Moldova in the first years after its annexation to the Russian Empire has not been investigated in historiography, although many historians have ascertained that exodus, but without trying to investigate problems related to emigration as a social phenomenon and, based on archival documents, to attempt to solve them. In this study the author, based on new unpublished archival documents, highlights and discusses only the most important aspects of this phenomenon: 1. presence of exodus as a social phenomenon in Bessarabia in the early years after its annexation to the Russian Empire; 2. factors that caused the exodus; 3. ways and means of population fleeing from Bessarabia over the Prut River; 4. measures taken by regional and imperial administration to stop the exodus; 5. relations between imperial and regional administration of Bessarabia and the Moldavian prince to return fugitives; 6. measures of punishment of the fugitives that were caught at the border of Bessarabia and those the Moldovan government returned to Bessarabia etc.. The author finds that the exodus of population from Bessarabia to the right side of the Prut is explained by the extremely depressed state of the population, caused by Russian military occupation in previous years, especially during the Russian-Turkish wars of 1806-1812, 1828-1829, by economic ruin of the peasants, the overgrowth of taxes and by the fact that this population had lost confidence in local and regional administration to assuage their sufferings.Item COLONII EVREIEŞTI DIN BASARABIA ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA(2011) Tomuleț, ValentinThe idea to involve Jews in Russia in agricultural work appeared for the first time at the late 18th - early 19th centuries, having been originated from both Russian statesmen and representatives of the Jewish intellectual elite. Among the first ones we can mention Chatsky with his project of 1788, Frizel and especially Derzhavin, among the latter – Nota Notkin (1798) and I.B. Levinson (the late 1820s). The government was also interested in this idea, intending to make the Jews “useful citizens for the benefit of the State” and use them, along with the Germans and Bulgarians, for the colonization of the territories of Novorossiya. The final status of the Jewish farmers was confirmed by a special statute from December 26, 1844, under which they had been provided with a number of privileges: exemption for 10 years from payment of all taxes and financial charges (except personal ones) with respect to the land in use, from payment of all arrears on a previous state, from recruitment for a period of 25 years, etc. Each family received 30 dessiatinas of land. According to the tax census of 1851, in Bessarabia there were registered 1966 Jewish farmers. By 1857 in Bessarabia there were already 13 Jewish colonies: in the counties of Hotin (1), Soroca (6) Iasi (2), Orhei (2), Chisinau (1), and Bender (1). Later the number of Jewish colonies has declined. In 1874 they had only 8 ones (including an uninhabited): 1 colony in the Iasi county and 7 colonies (including the uninhabited one) in the Soroca county. Although the Jewish farmers benefited from certain privileges and some measures were taken for their promotion, household level in the Jewish colonies was quite low, which proved the Jews’ inability of the agricultural labour and their negative attitude towards this branch of economy, since by their nature they tended to trade and crafts.Item ISTORIA ŢĂRII MOLDOVEI ÎN CONTEXTUL RELAŢIILOR INTERNAŢIONALE ÎN EPOCA MEDIVALĂ(2011) Cocârlă, Pavel