Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy

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End date: 2011

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    REZULTATELE INVESTIGAŢIILOR ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA CIVILĂ SAHARNA „DEALUL MĂNĂSTIRII” (CAMPANIA 2008)
    (2009) Niculiţă, Ion; Nicic, Andrei; Corobcean, Andrei
    In this study are presented the results of the archaeological investigations at the early Hallstattian settlement Saharna „Dealul Mănăstitii”. The research at this site in 2008 were done at 2 sections: no. 4-5. The aim of these investigations was to study the ditch situated south of the defensive system of Saharna Mare fortress and which was found already in the past years. The result was the discovery of two hearths – complex 19-20, two dwellings – complexes 21, 26. The pits 16-19 and the ditch on a surface of 10 m were investigated. The material found in the closed complexes and the ditch have a cultural-chronologic attribution to Cozia-Saharna culture. The ditch explored on a length of 10 m and depth varying from 0,5 to 1,2 m was in fact an extension of the previously investigated ditch. The result provided the possibility to establish that both its triangular form and the wide rim and narrow bottom represents nothing less than the traces of a wood chassis of a palisade. It is likely that the central and northern part of Saharna Mare promontory was initially strengthened with a palisade which included also the north-eastern part of „Dealul Mănăstirii” settlement. G.D. Smirnov, who had discovered for the first time this ditch, assumed that it was a supplementary defense ditch situated on a parallel line with the fortress wall and ditch. In order to confirm whether the ditch was contemporary with the fortress’ fortification line, in the southern part of the fortress’ central bastion was traced the section no. 5. Although some material was discovered, the investigations of the cultural layer from the area have shown a complete lack of possible ruins of a known settlement. It means that the central bastion was built up after the abandonment of the first defense line of the site from Saharna Mare.
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    SĂ NE REDOBÂNDIM ISTORIA SAU DESPRE UNGARIA ROMÂNEASCĂ
    (2009) Groza, Andrei
    I want to mention here, that those who affirm that the Goths were German people and the Huns were Turkish people or other people say these without any arguments; they simply repeat what was written in XVII—XIX c. by the foreign historians who making up the history of their people, hid or did not want to show the real history, because this was not convenient for them. But we, recommend you to analyze the old sources, written by the contemporaries of those times and only then you will find who tells the truth.
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    CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND SCHIMBUL CU SARE ÎN MILENIILE VI-II Î. HR. ÎN SPAŢIUL CARPATO-DUNĂREAN
    (2010) Cavruc, Valeriu
    The article deals with prehistoric salt production and exchange of salt in south-east and east-central Europe. The major points of the article are: 1. the modeling of the traditional forms of salt production and exchange in the area; 2. the identification of archaeological indications specific to every type of salt production and exchange; 3. the classification of available archaeological evidence of prehistoric salt production and exchange in Carpatho-Danubian Salt had two major senses during prehistoric period: on one hand it was as a good of daily consumption and thrifty use, on the other hand it was the exotic good. Every of these senses implied different types of production and exchange. The daily consumption and thrifty use salt could be made both within domestic and industrial productions. Of these, only industrial one was intended for long-distance exchange of salt. Salt as the exotic good was made only within special i.e. „sacred” type of production. This type of industry produced „miraculous” salt which was mainly, if not exclusively, intended for long-distance exchange. The available archaeological evidence of salt production in the Carpatho-Danubian area is classifi ed in the article on the above principles (tab. 1). Thus, the Neolithic salt production centers from Subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca and Ţolici) as well as the Eneolithic one from the same area (Cucuieţi) are attributed in the article to the domestic production of salt for daily consumption and thrifty use. The main goal of this type of production was to produce salt for domestic use or/and for short-distance traffic. Neolithic and especially Eneolithic salt production attested at Provadia-Solnitsata (northeast Bulgaria) is classifi ed as industrial one. It produced common salt by evaporation of brine, and its main destination was the long-distance exchange, perhaps to east Balkans and North-Pontic area. The Eneolithic salt production centers from subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca, Ţolici, Cacica, Solca etc.) produced exotic salt in the form of small cone-shaped cakes by evaporation in small briquetage. It was produced for longdistance exchange. The two Early Bronze Age salt production sites from northern Transylvania (Băile Figa and Săsarm) are classifi ed as the domestic production centers which extracted rock salt for their own use and/or for short-distance traffic. More attention is paid in the article to the end of Middle and Late Bronze Age (the end of 17th-9th centuries BC) salt mining centers from Transylvania and Maramureş: Băile Figa, Caila, Săsarm, Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor, Valea Regilor (Tisolovo) and Solotvino (Ocna Slatina) (Case Study). By all the available evidence, these centers seem to have been involved in the large-scale salt production and long-distance trade. Blocks of rock salt were traded from these centers to Hungarian Plane, by Someş and Tisa rivers. It is well-known fact that the period of functioning of the above salt mining production centers was the one of widest spread of tin bronze objects in the area. That is why, it seems likely that in exchange of salt its owners get, among other goods, tin.
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    COLONII EVREIEŞTI DIN BASARABIA ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA
    (2011) Tomuleț, Valentin
    The idea to involve Jews in Russia in agricultural work appeared for the first time at the late 18th - early 19th centuries, having been originated from both Russian statesmen and representatives of the Jewish intellectual elite. Among the first ones we can mention Chatsky with his project of 1788, Frizel and especially Derzhavin, among the latter – Nota Notkin (1798) and I.B. Levinson (the late 1820s). The government was also interested in this idea, intending to make the Jews “useful citizens for the benefit of the State” and use them, along with the Germans and Bulgarians, for the colonization of the territories of Novorossiya. The final status of the Jewish farmers was confirmed by a special statute from December 26, 1844, under which they had been provided with a number of privileges: exemption for 10 years from payment of all taxes and financial charges (except personal ones) with respect to the land in use, from payment of all arrears on a previous state, from recruitment for a period of 25 years, etc. Each family received 30 dessiatinas of land. According to the tax census of 1851, in Bessarabia there were registered 1966 Jewish farmers. By 1857 in Bessarabia there were already 13 Jewish colonies: in the counties of Hotin (1), Soroca (6) Iasi (2), Orhei (2), Chisinau (1), and Bender (1). Later the number of Jewish colonies has declined. In 1874 they had only 8 ones (including an uninhabited): 1 colony in the Iasi county and 7 colonies (including the uninhabited one) in the Soroca county. Although the Jewish farmers benefited from certain privileges and some measures were taken for their promotion, household level in the Jewish colonies was quite low, which proved the Jews’ inability of the agricultural labour and their negative attitude towards this branch of economy, since by their nature they tended to trade and crafts.
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    REFLECTAREA PROCESELOR ETNO-CULTURALE DIN SEC. II-XIV DIN SPAŢIUL PRUTO-NISTREAN ÎN CERCETĂRILE ETNO-FOLCLORICE SOVIETICE
    (2007) Matveev, Sergiu
    The ethnography form the former Soviet Union in the context of researches in the Prut-Dnestr area represents a discipline that is strongly attached to the main historical tendencies in the 1950s, without an opening toward external confrontations and lack of intellectual autonomy. The ethno-folkloric investigations have had the purpose to prove that the ethno-cultural processes from I -beginning II millennium AD have ended with the “formation of moldovan people” through the symbiosis of eastern Slavs with the Volochs. There have been often invented some artificial arguments of ethnographic and folkloric aspect that emphasize the progressive role of Slavs.
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    INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA TRACO-GETICĂ SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2007)
    (2008) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, Mihail
    Archaeological researches at the site of Saharna „La Şanţ” (situated near Saharna and Saharna Nouă villages, Rezina region) were continued in 2007. The excavations covered an area of 140 m² and yielded four household pits containing varied ceramic material. The occupation layer of the settlement was 0,4-0,9 m thick and contained a fragment of a iron spearhead, a bronze three-bladed arrowhead, stone implements, bones, clay and numerous fragments of pottery. The excavated objects allow to suppose the existence of two cultural-chronological horizons dating back to the early Hallstatt period – the “Cozia-Saharna” culture and the Thraco-Getian period (7th/6th to 3d c. B.C.).
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    TIPOLOGIA ŞI EVOLUŢIA CONSTRUCŢIILOR DEFENSIVE DIN SPAŢIUL EST-CARPATIC ÎN SECOLELE XII/XI-III A. CHR.
    (2011) Zanoci, Aurel
    Исследование оборонительных сооружений XII/XI-III вв до н.э. в восточно-карпатских землях позволило проследить как общие тенденции, так и различия в процессе эволюции их строительства. К общим тенденциям необходимо причислить: использование одинаковых строительных материалов (древесина, земля, камень и др.); строительство деревянных каркасов для консолидации оборонительных стен и др. Различия прослеживаются в распространении типов оборонительных сооружений. Если для XII/XI-VIII вв. до н.э. больше характерны конструкции типа III, то в VII/VI-III вв. до н.э. чаще встречаются оборонительные стены типа II и IV. С веками также увеличивается количество камня, используемого для строительства оборонительных сооружений. Одним из новшеств V/IV-III вв. до н.э. является строительство каменных оборонительных стен. Такие сооружения больше характерны для эллинистического мира. Техника строительства укреплений из камня, вероятнее всего, проникла в восточно-карпатские земли посредством греческих колоний североападного Причерноморья.
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    LOCUINŢELE COMUNITĂŢILOR HALLSTATTIENE DIN SPAŢIUL EST-CARPATIC ÎN SECOLELE XII-VIII A. CHR. (tradiţii, deosebiri culturale şi perspectivele cercetării comparative)
    (2010) Kaşuba, Maia; Zanoci, Aurel
    Den Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung stellen frühe und mittelhallstattzeitliche Fundkontexte des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr.. aus dem ostkarpatischen Gebiet (Abb. 1) dar, die hier aus der Perspektive des Wohnungsbaues analysiert werden (Abb. 2; Tafel 1). Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Einsätze zahlreicher Forscher zu den Wohnbauten der ausgehenden Bronze- und der frühen Eisenzeit aus dieser Region werden die Grundprinzipien ihrer Klassifizie- rung vorgeschlagen (Abb. 3). Diese beziehen sich auf 102 Befunde, die der Kulturen Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti, Chişinău-Corlăteni, Tămăoani-Holercani, Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti einzuordnen sind (Abb. 7; 10- 11; 16; 18). Die durchgeführte Analyse und die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation haben gezeigt, dass die Verwendung vom Holz und Ton für den Bau der leichten Hauswände sowie eines leichten Daches zu den Hauptmerkmalen der hallstattzeitlichen Bautradition im ostkarpatischen Raum des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. gehört. Für die Cozia-Saharna- Kutur lässt sich eine zusätzliche Bearbeitung mittels „Verputzen“ und Anstreichen der Wände feststellen, während für die Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti anhand der festgestellten Gruben in den Wohnhäusern auch das Vorhandensein der Fußböden in der Innenausstattung anzunehmen ist. Der führende Typ des Wohnbaus im 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. war in allen untersuchten hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region das leichte ebenerdige Haus, dessen aus einem Holzgerüst bestehende Wände mit Lehm getüncht wurden. Es tauchen Hal- berdhütten mit Holzgerüstwänden (Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti-Kultur) und – von der Form des Daches her – pult- dachförmige (Kulturen Chişinău-Corlăteni und Cozia-Saharna) sowie Halberdhütten mit einem konischen Dach (Cozia-Saharna-Kultur) auf. Die Wohnfläche der Erdhütten, deren Baugruben sowohl eine ovale als auch eine run- de Form aufweisen, ist nicht sehr groß. Was die Organisation des häuslichen Raumes angeht, so lässt sich in allen erwähnten Kulturen des Untersuchungsraumes eine horizontale Tendenz beobachten. Außerdem sind an einigen Fundstellen der Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti auch Merkmale einer vertikalen Organisation des Wohnraumes festzustellen. Es ist wichtig darauf hinzuweisen, dass die durchgeführte Analyse der Wohn- bauten des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. in der ostkarpatischen Region auf keine Spuren schließen lässt, die direkt mit den rituellen Handlungen bei der Errichtung der Wohnhäuser verbunden wären. Weitere Forschungsmöglichkeiten bieten sich allerdings bei der Durchführung einer vergleichenden Untersuchung der Wohnbautradition aus dem nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet an. Chronologisch gesehen würde eine solche Analyse nicht nur die Wohnbauten, die synchronisch mit der hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region sind, sondern auch diejenige aus einem breiteren Zeitraum einschließen.