Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item REZULTATELE INVESTIGAŢIILOR ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA CIVILĂ SAHARNA „DEALUL MĂNĂSTIRII” (CAMPANIA 2008)(2009) Niculiţă, Ion; Nicic, Andrei; Corobcean, AndreiIn this study are presented the results of the archaeological investigations at the early Hallstattian settlement Saharna „Dealul Mănăstitii”. The research at this site in 2008 were done at 2 sections: no. 4-5. The aim of these investigations was to study the ditch situated south of the defensive system of Saharna Mare fortress and which was found already in the past years. The result was the discovery of two hearths – complex 19-20, two dwellings – complexes 21, 26. The pits 16-19 and the ditch on a surface of 10 m were investigated. The material found in the closed complexes and the ditch have a cultural-chronologic attribution to Cozia-Saharna culture. The ditch explored on a length of 10 m and depth varying from 0,5 to 1,2 m was in fact an extension of the previously investigated ditch. The result provided the possibility to establish that both its triangular form and the wide rim and narrow bottom represents nothing less than the traces of a wood chassis of a palisade. It is likely that the central and northern part of Saharna Mare promontory was initially strengthened with a palisade which included also the north-eastern part of „Dealul Mănăstirii” settlement. G.D. Smirnov, who had discovered for the first time this ditch, assumed that it was a supplementary defense ditch situated on a parallel line with the fortress wall and ditch. In order to confirm whether the ditch was contemporary with the fortress’ fortification line, in the southern part of the fortress’ central bastion was traced the section no. 5. Although some material was discovered, the investigations of the cultural layer from the area have shown a complete lack of possible ruins of a known settlement. It means that the central bastion was built up after the abandonment of the first defense line of the site from Saharna Mare.Item SĂ NE REDOBÂNDIM ISTORIA SAU DESPRE UNGARIA ROMÂNEASCĂ(2009) Groza, AndreiI want to mention here, that those who affirm that the Goths were German people and the Huns were Turkish people or other people say these without any arguments; they simply repeat what was written in XVII—XIX c. by the foreign historians who making up the history of their people, hid or did not want to show the real history, because this was not convenient for them. But we, recommend you to analyze the old sources, written by the contemporaries of those times and only then you will find who tells the truth.Item UNELE ASPECTE ALE PROBLEMEI REFLECTĂRII DIFERENŢELOR ETNICE ÎN VARIAŢIA STILISTICĂ A ARTEFACTELOR(2010) Corobcean, AndreiItem CONSIDERAŢII PRIVIND SCHIMBUL CU SARE ÎN MILENIILE VI-II Î. HR. ÎN SPAŢIUL CARPATO-DUNĂREAN(2010) Cavruc, ValeriuThe article deals with prehistoric salt production and exchange of salt in south-east and east-central Europe. The major points of the article are: 1. the modeling of the traditional forms of salt production and exchange in the area; 2. the identification of archaeological indications specific to every type of salt production and exchange; 3. the classification of available archaeological evidence of prehistoric salt production and exchange in Carpatho-Danubian Salt had two major senses during prehistoric period: on one hand it was as a good of daily consumption and thrifty use, on the other hand it was the exotic good. Every of these senses implied different types of production and exchange. The daily consumption and thrifty use salt could be made both within domestic and industrial productions. Of these, only industrial one was intended for long-distance exchange of salt. Salt as the exotic good was made only within special i.e. „sacred” type of production. This type of industry produced „miraculous” salt which was mainly, if not exclusively, intended for long-distance exchange. The available archaeological evidence of salt production in the Carpatho-Danubian area is classifi ed in the article on the above principles (tab. 1). Thus, the Neolithic salt production centers from Subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca and Ţolici) as well as the Eneolithic one from the same area (Cucuieţi) are attributed in the article to the domestic production of salt for daily consumption and thrifty use. The main goal of this type of production was to produce salt for domestic use or/and for short-distance traffic. Neolithic and especially Eneolithic salt production attested at Provadia-Solnitsata (northeast Bulgaria) is classifi ed as industrial one. It produced common salt by evaporation of brine, and its main destination was the long-distance exchange, perhaps to east Balkans and North-Pontic area. The Eneolithic salt production centers from subcarpathian Moldavia (Lunca, Ţolici, Cacica, Solca etc.) produced exotic salt in the form of small cone-shaped cakes by evaporation in small briquetage. It was produced for longdistance exchange. The two Early Bronze Age salt production sites from northern Transylvania (Băile Figa and Săsarm) are classifi ed as the domestic production centers which extracted rock salt for their own use and/or for short-distance traffic. More attention is paid in the article to the end of Middle and Late Bronze Age (the end of 17th-9th centuries BC) salt mining centers from Transylvania and Maramureş: Băile Figa, Caila, Săsarm, Ocna Dej, Valea Florilor, Valea Regilor (Tisolovo) and Solotvino (Ocna Slatina) (Case Study). By all the available evidence, these centers seem to have been involved in the large-scale salt production and long-distance trade. Blocks of rock salt were traded from these centers to Hungarian Plane, by Someş and Tisa rivers. It is well-known fact that the period of functioning of the above salt mining production centers was the one of widest spread of tin bronze objects in the area. That is why, it seems likely that in exchange of salt its owners get, among other goods, tin.Item REFLECTAREA PROCESELOR ETNO-CULTURALE DIN SEC. II-XIV DIN SPAŢIUL PRUTO-NISTREAN ÎN CERCETĂRILE ETNO-FOLCLORICE SOVIETICE(2007) Matveev, SergiuThe ethnography form the former Soviet Union in the context of researches in the Prut-Dnestr area represents a discipline that is strongly attached to the main historical tendencies in the 1950s, without an opening toward external confrontations and lack of intellectual autonomy. The ethno-folkloric investigations have had the purpose to prove that the ethno-cultural processes from I -beginning II millennium AD have ended with the “formation of moldovan people” through the symbiosis of eastern Slavs with the Volochs. There have been often invented some artificial arguments of ethnographic and folkloric aspect that emphasize the progressive role of Slavs.Item INVESTIGAŢIILE ARHEOLOGICE LA AŞEZAREA TRACO-GETICĂ SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2007)(2008) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, MihailArchaeological researches at the site of Saharna „La Şanţ” (situated near Saharna and Saharna Nouă villages, Rezina region) were continued in 2007. The excavations covered an area of 140 m² and yielded four household pits containing varied ceramic material. The occupation layer of the settlement was 0,4-0,9 m thick and contained a fragment of a iron spearhead, a bronze three-bladed arrowhead, stone implements, bones, clay and numerous fragments of pottery. The excavated objects allow to suppose the existence of two cultural-chronological horizons dating back to the early Hallstatt period – the “Cozia-Saharna” culture and the Thraco-Getian period (7th/6th to 3d c. B.C.).Item LOCUINŢELE COMUNITĂŢILOR HALLSTATTIENE DIN SPAŢIUL EST-CARPATIC ÎN SECOLELE XII-VIII A. CHR. (tradiţii, deosebiri culturale şi perspectivele cercetării comparative)(2010) Kaşuba, Maia; Zanoci, AurelDen Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung stellen frühe und mittelhallstattzeitliche Fundkontexte des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr.. aus dem ostkarpatischen Gebiet (Abb. 1) dar, die hier aus der Perspektive des Wohnungsbaues analysiert werden (Abb. 2; Tafel 1). Auf der Grundlage der bisherigen Einsätze zahlreicher Forscher zu den Wohnbauten der ausgehenden Bronze- und der frühen Eisenzeit aus dieser Region werden die Grundprinzipien ihrer Klassifizie- rung vorgeschlagen (Abb. 3). Diese beziehen sich auf 102 Befunde, die der Kulturen Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti, Chişinău-Corlăteni, Tămăoani-Holercani, Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti einzuordnen sind (Abb. 7; 10- 11; 16; 18). Die durchgeführte Analyse und die vorgeschlagene Klassifikation haben gezeigt, dass die Verwendung vom Holz und Ton für den Bau der leichten Hauswände sowie eines leichten Daches zu den Hauptmerkmalen der hallstattzeitlichen Bautradition im ostkarpatischen Raum des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. gehört. Für die Cozia-Saharna- Kutur lässt sich eine zusätzliche Bearbeitung mittels „Verputzen“ und Anstreichen der Wände feststellen, während für die Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti anhand der festgestellten Gruben in den Wohnhäusern auch das Vorhandensein der Fußböden in der Innenausstattung anzunehmen ist. Der führende Typ des Wohnbaus im 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. war in allen untersuchten hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region das leichte ebenerdige Haus, dessen aus einem Holzgerüst bestehende Wände mit Lehm getüncht wurden. Es tauchen Hal- berdhütten mit Holzgerüstwänden (Hava-Holigrad-Grăniceşti-Kultur) und – von der Form des Daches her – pult- dachförmige (Kulturen Chişinău-Corlăteni und Cozia-Saharna) sowie Halberdhütten mit einem konischen Dach (Cozia-Saharna-Kultur) auf. Die Wohnfläche der Erdhütten, deren Baugruben sowohl eine ovale als auch eine run- de Form aufweisen, ist nicht sehr groß. Was die Organisation des häuslichen Raumes angeht, so lässt sich in allen erwähnten Kulturen des Untersuchungsraumes eine horizontale Tendenz beobachten. Außerdem sind an einigen Fundstellen der Kulturen Cozia-Saharna und Basarabi-Şoldăneşti auch Merkmale einer vertikalen Organisation des Wohnraumes festzustellen. Es ist wichtig darauf hinzuweisen, dass die durchgeführte Analyse der Wohn- bauten des 12. - 8. Jh. v. Chr. in der ostkarpatischen Region auf keine Spuren schließen lässt, die direkt mit den rituellen Handlungen bei der Errichtung der Wohnhäuser verbunden wären. Weitere Forschungsmöglichkeiten bieten sich allerdings bei der Durchführung einer vergleichenden Untersuchung der Wohnbautradition aus dem nördlichen Schwarzmeergebiet an. Chronologisch gesehen würde eine solche Analyse nicht nur die Wohnbauten, die synchronisch mit der hallstattzeitlichen Kulturen der ostkarpatischen Region sind, sondern auch diejenige aus einem breiteren Zeitraum einschließen.Item CERCETĂRILE ARHEOLOGICE LA SITUL TRACO-GETIC SAHARNA „LA ŞANŢ” (CAMPANIA 2006)(2007) Zanoci, Aurel; Băţ, MihailDuring the archeological researches conducted near Saharna and Saharna Noua villages a new fortified settlement was discovered – Saharna “La Şanţ”. It is located eastward of the fortified settlement Saharna Mare, on the steep bank of a deep ravine (fig. 1/1). The site of ancient settlement is semi-oval shaped, 180×65 m in size (fig. 1/2).The settlement was protected by the steep bank of the ravine on the north side and by a defence construction on the west, east and south sides. Five household pits containing various ceramic material (fig. 2; 3) were discovered following archeological researches conducted in 2006. Four spinning spindles, fragment of a stone grain grater and numerous fragments of ceramic vessels were discovered in the cultural layer of the settlement (fig. 4-6). The discovered inventory can be dated with the 6 th -3rd c. BC.Item SISTEMUL DEFENSIV AL CETĂŢII DIN EPOCA FIERULUI – SAHARNA MARE(2007) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, TudorToday over 82 Iron Age monuments are known in the area of the Middle Dniester, Central Moldavian Hills. The most impressive monuments are situated on high promontories and heights close to Saharna village, Republic of Moldova. These sites of ancient settlements and villages are known since the end of the 40s of the 20 th c., when G. D. Smirnov carried out the first reconnaissance excavations. Saharna Mare settlement stands out among these monuments. Since 2001 systematic archeological research has been carried out on the site. Saharna Mare is situat- ed on a high stony triangular promontory surrounded from all sides by deep inaccessible ravines. The promontory is accessible only from the South. Archeological research proves that the site was populated as early as the Early Iron Age when a Hallstatt settlement of Saharna-Solonceni type was founded there. Consequently the promontory was fortified in the south by a complex system of defence. It contained a wall which went from south-east to north- west, with a ditch and three semicircular ramparts in the centre and flanks. A comprehensive study of Saharna Mare fortifications offers certain corrections to our understanding of the con- struction methods at ancient settlements in the 1 st millennium BC. Remains of earth mounds almost always are wrecks of a once erected “wall”. The analysis of the main line of defensive system and two ramparts (the third is demolished) has shown that the fortification was constructed out of a timber wooden drainage placed on the lev- elled surface. In order to save the wooden flooring from moisture the gap was filled by sand. The timber drainage which was the footing of the fortification was pierced by poles located evenly and strengthened by longitudinal and transversal beams on different levels. This wooden carcass was filled by earth, stones, sand and clay. To ensure the preservation of the fortification the framework was filled by building material layer by layer. The outer sides of walls of the majority of settlements which were constructed following these methods have a 2-2,7 m wide berm. It was used as a base for a construction of clay and crushed stones aimed at protecting the wooden wall from fires, and it was thicker at its bottom and narrowing on its way to the top. Ca. 2 meters away from its southern outer side a ditch was dug, with its width at the mouth varying between 16,5- 18,0 m. Excavations have shown that in antiquity the width of the ditch on the surface was ca. 15,6 m, at the bottom – 6,1 m, the depth was 3,2 m, and its 2,1 m was dug out of the stony base of the promontory. Horseshoe-shaped ramparts which were bordering the ditch were built using the same methodology. The precise time of erection and demolition of the defences is so far difficult to establish with any precision. Following the analysis of the discovered material it is obvious that all of them were intact and functioning in the 4 th –3d c. BCItem CONSTRUCŢII DE SUPRAFAŢĂ DIN SITURILE DE LA SAHARNA(2008) Niculiţă, Ion; Zanoci, Aurel; Arnăut, TudorSeveral Iron Age monuments are known in the village of Saharna, Rezina region. For a few years planned archeo- logical research had been conducted in three of them: Saharna Mică, Saharna Mare and Saharna “La Şanţ”. In the course of research, it was established that Saharna Mare stony cape was first settled in the end of the 12th century B.C. In the 11th century B.C. an unfortified settlement existed here. By the end of this century or at the end of the next century, it was abandoned and the population moved to another area. As evidenced by the archaeological materials Saharna Mică cape was resettled by the 7 th century B.C. The most intensive economic development the settlement reached in the 6 th -5 th centuries B.C., and military development by the 4 th -3d centuries B.C. when it was fortified by a complicated system of fortified structures. On the ground of research conducted on the territory of the Saharna Mare settlement it was established that in the 6th -5 th centuries B.C. it occupied a considerable part of the cape and reached its peak of development in the 4 th -3d centuries B.C. According to the archeological materials, the fortified settlement of Saharna “La Şanţ” was established in the 7 th -6th centuries B.C., and later in the 5 th -4th centuries B.C. it was already fortified by a wooden-earthen structure. Follow-up studies will allow us to more accurately determine the time when the settlements were settled and then abandoned.