Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item „PRIVILEGIAŢII” ÎN STRUCTURA SOCIALĂ A BASARABIEI (1812–1871)(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the present study, the author discusses the status of being privileged in Bessarabia after the annexation of this territory to the Russian Empire. Showcasing the boiernași, mazils and ruptasi, the author notes that belonging to the status of the “privileged” was of a hereditary nature. By their very name, the boiernași, as well as the mazils, preserved the “memory of being a boyar” and always opted for maintaining their ancestral privileges, as did the other privileged people. The imperial administration did not approve of these social and fiscal categories of society and granted them privileged status only temporarily, preserving, for a certain period of time, the particularities that existed in Moldova. The tendency to standardize the social structure and liquidate the social conditions specific to the Moldavian society was continuous in the sights of the imperial institutions. In accordance with the Regulation on the rights of belonging to the social estates of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the Tsarist authorities made the Bessarabian boiernași equal in rights with the personal nobles of Russia (if the boiernași did not hold administrative positions, they were passed, compulsorily, in the category of mazils), calling them personal nobles from then on, and the mazils and ruptasi in the category of Russian odnodvortsy.Item MAZILII, RUPTAŞII ŞI RUPTELE ÎN PRINCIPATUL MOLDOVEI (a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea - începutul secolului al XIX-lea)(2021) Tomuleț, ValentinDans la présente étude, l’auteur analyse les deux catégories privilégiées de population dans la Principauté de Moldavie – les Mazilis et les Ruptaş et détermine les changements qui se sont produits au fil des ans dans le statut social et la contrainte fiscale, met en discussion les données de recensement réalisées par l’administration russe en Moldavie dans les années 1772, 1774 et 1808, qui permettent d’établir leur nombre, par rapport aux catégories sociales imposables, et à partir de là, mettre en évidence leur statut et situation économique. L’analyse des documents publiés, mais aussi des originaux des archives, mises dans le circuit scientifique par l’auteur permettent une connaissance détaillée de l’histoire des catégories sociales de la Principauté de Moldavie, en particulier de celles privilégiées, de la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle - le début du XIXe siècle, offre de réelles possibilités pour comprendre ces changements intervenus plus tard en Bessarabie, après son annexion en 1812 à l’Empire russe, nous permettent de souligner de manière convaincante l’unité de structure et de développement historique héritée de la Principauté de Moldavie et mettre en évidence les changements structurels qui sont parvenus au sein de ces catégories sociales et fiscales sous la domination tsariste.Item RECENSĂMÂNTUL FISCAL DIN 1835 – SURSĂ IMPORTANTĂ ÎN STUDIEREA STĂRILOR SOCIALE PRIVILEGIATE DIN BASARABIA (Exemplul boiernaşilor)(2020) Tomuleț, ValentinÎn studiul de față, bazat pe un bogat material de fapt, autorul analizează două tipuri de surse istorice în studierea problemelor demografice și socio-economice ale Basarabiei în epoca modernă - recensămintele (în special recensămintele fiscale) și statisticile oficiale ruse de către instituțiile guvernamentale locale / județene sau centrale / regionale). Autorul constată că cercetarea istorică a istoricului / cercetătorului se bazează pe diverse surse istorice, pe baza cărora analizează întrebarea, recensămintele și statisticile sunt surse importante în studiul istoriei Basarabiei.Item STATUTUL BOIERNAŞILOR DIN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(2020) Tomuleț, ValentinIn this study, the author explores the issue of the social status of boierinaşi in Bessarabia under Tsarist rule. The author notes that after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the imperial authorities equated the boierinaşi with Russian personal nobles, granting them various privileges. The Regulations of the administrative organization of the Bessarabian region of April 29, 1818 says that “under the name of boierinaşi is meant a social class that is not of noble origin and has not reached the highest boyar posts, but who received the lowest ranks below the vel şătrar”. Paying attention not only to holding senior positions, but also to the role in the administrative institutions of the region, the Russian authorities from the very beginning did not approve of this social status, despite the fact that although the boierinaşi had not performed important administrative functions until that time, some of them belonged to very old families. In accordance with the Regulation on social status rights of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the tsarist authorities equated the Bessarabian boierinaşi with the personal nobles of the Russian Empire, later calling them personal nobles. Consequently, the number of Bessarabian boierinaşi gradually began to decrease. If they did not perform any administrative functions, they were required to enter the category of mazili. Small boierinaşi were often seen as a kind of patriarchs of the peasant community. However, with the disappearance of the generations that witnessed the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, their descendants replenished the ranks of mazili, and after the elimination of mazili as a social stratum and rutaşi as a fiscal category in 1847, they were considered odnodvortsy. Thus, the tsarist authorities, trying to eliminate the dissimilarity or inconsistency with the Russian social system, unified part of the Bessarabian social categories with the Russian ones, which led to the disappearance of the boyars as a social category.Item PROTESTE ŞI REVENDICĂRI ALE MAZILILOR ŞI RUPTAŞILOR ÎN PRIMELE DECENII DUPĂ ANEXAREA BASARABIEI LA IMPERIUL RUS(2016) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on unpublished archival data, the author analyzes forms of protests and riots of mazili and ruptashi from Bessarabia in the first decades after its annexation. The author ascertains that while mazili and ruptashi have enjoyed certain privileges, the imperial administration did not enjoy them and did everything possible to suppress them. This measure coincided with Russian imperial policy to administratively and socially unify the newly annexed province. The process produced based on their gradual elimination, particularly of mazili, from various administrative and economic positions, and the undermining of their social prestige, that caused their discontent, reflected in various forms of rebellion and protest. With time, the rights of mazili were limited, being forced to obey local duties and pay different taxes along with ordinary tax-payers. As a result, some of them for different contraventions were transferred to the category of peasants, while others ruined and dissolved in related social categories of the peasantry. Despite this fact, mazili continued to keep even in the second half of the19th century their distinctive social and spiritual characteristics.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI (ȘI ALTE CATEGORII SOCIALE) ÎN STATISTICA RECENSĂMÂNTULUI POPULAȚIEI DIN 1817(2017) Tomuleț, ValentinAt the time of annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the Russian imperial institutions lacked concrete and reliable information on the number of people in the newly annexed province. The lack of statistical data for the entire province was also a problem for the regional administration, recently established in Chisinau, which for various reasons needed these data and constantly informed the imperial authorities about it. The population census became possible only in 1816-1817, when a number of concrete measures were taken in Bessarabia to establish an interim administration, to form of the first administrative and police institutions of power and some changes were made in the territorial administrative and customs and sanitary quarantine systems. In addition, the population had experienced the new regime of domination, the outflow of the population from the province to Moldova over the Prut was partially reduced, and the imperial administration was able to collect the first statistical data on the new annexed province. The results of the population census of 1817 were published in full in Russian, in 1907 by the historian I.N. Halippa, secretary of the Bessarabian Provincial Scientific Archival Committee. Subsequently, in 1920, the census was reproduced, this time in a more concise form, by Tudor Pamfile (only for the Hotin County), in 1929 – by professor of theology and history Constantin N. Tomescu, and in 1933 it was systematized by T. Porucic. The census forms contained the following components: 1. the name of districts and localities; 2. the economic situation of villages according to the category: a) good state, b) middle state (satisfactory), c) insufficient state (unsatisfactory); 3. statistics of the clergy: priests and their widows, deacons and their widows, church clerks and their widows, psalm readers and their widows, and vergers and their widows; 4. mazili and their widows; 5. ruptaşi and their widows; 6. statistics of lower social states: peasants (householders or “tax-paying householders”) and their widows, bachelors and hirelings, forgiven or scutelnici (in this category were included also “servants and servants supervisors, millers, beekeepers, foresters, shepherds and servants in households of estates owners”); 7. The total number of male households; 8. The total number of female households (widows); 9. additional information (which was not always filled in) – to whom belonged the estate of the village (the estate owner’s name), its surface according to the purpose of use – hayfield, plowing area, grassland, forests, and finally – useful buildings; sometimes we find data on old villages, which subsequently disappeared and were forgotten, and the distance between neighboring villages in versts. Statistics from 1817 attests that from the total number of 92 946 households, to mazili belonged 2370 (2.5%) households, to ruptaşi – 717 (0.8%), and to rupta de visterie and rupta de camara – 230 (0.2%) households. Most households of mazili were registered in Orhei county – 1386 (58.5%), followed by Iasi county – 464 (19.6%), Soroca county – 194 (8.2%), Hotin county – 82 (3.5 %), Bender county – 121 (5.1%), Ismail county – 74 (3.1%), Codru county – 46 (1.9), and Greceni county – 3 (0.1%) households. The Orhei County also prevailed in regard to ruptaşi: 512 (71.4%) – ruptaşi and 209 (90.9%) – rupta de visterie and rupta de camara.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI ȘTIUTORI DE CARTE DIN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(2015) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on previously unpublished archival sources the author considers two privileged categories of the population of Bessarabia – mazili and ruptaşi, attempting to show that some of them were literate and enjoyed respect and authority among the lower strata of the population. The number of literate mazili and ruptaşi possible, although quite diffi cult to identify by examination of the numerous petitions, complaints and claims addressed to county, regional and imperial institutions, especially in cases when after the fi scal censuses (1824, 1835, 1850, 1858) some of them for some reasons have not been identifi ed in the social class of mazili or in the fi scal class of ruptaşi. Another similar situation was attested after the entry into force of the Law of 10 March 1847, under which mazili and ruptaşi from Bessarabia were reclassifi ed to the Russian social category of odnodvortsy. Those, who for various reasons were not included in the list of the privileged classes of Bessarabia, had over the years to present documents proving that they belong to privileged social or fi scal categories. In addition to offi cial documents signed by former rulers of Moldavia and the decisions of Provisional Committee of Bessarabia, mazili and ruptaşi were required to present testimonies of 24 persons from the category of ruptaşi and mazili, who could confi rm under oath that the petitioners belong to mazili, ruptaşi or odnodvortsy. It is remarkable that the signatures on the testimonies argue that many of these ruptaşi and mazili were literate or at least were able to basically read and write. The signatures on these documents were made using Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, which means that after 1812 mazili and ruptaşi were taught to read and write at home.Item INSTITUIREA ŞI ACTIVITATEA COMISIEI REGIONALE DE PE LÂNGĂ ADUNAREA DEPUTAŢILOR NOBILIMII DIN BASARABIA PENTRU ÎNTOCMIREA RECENSĂMÂNTULUI FISCAL AL POPULAŢIEI DIN 1824(CEP USM, 2015) Tomuleț, ValentinÎn prezentul demers ştiinţific autorul analizează, în baza izvoarelor de arhivă inedite, modalitatea de instituire şi activitate a Comisiei Regionale din cadrul Adunării Deputaţilor Nobilimii din Basarabia în scopul întocmirii unui nou recensământ fiscal al populaţiei. Autorul demonstrează că ţarismul a manifestat un interes special faţă de studierea situaţiei demografice din regiune în scopul impunerii fiscale şi asigurării armatei ruse cu produse alimentare, furaje, încartiruirii ostaşilor, în condiţiile unui eventul război cu Imperiul Otoman, dar şi în scopul asigurării armatei ruse de ocupaţie din regiune. După efectuarea, în scurt timp după anexare, a recensământului populaţiei din 1817, în scopul depunerii de către populaţie a jurământului de credinţă împăratului rus şi determinării numărului de contribuabili în teritoriul nou-anexat, ţarismul avea nevoie de un nou recensământ al populaţiei care ar fi reflectat mult mai veridic numărul familiilor de contribuabili din Basarabia. Acest interes a fost dictat de faptul că în scurt timp după anexarea regiunii la Imperiul Rus în provincie au avut loc schimbări importante în structura socială şi demografică. În plus, despre unele categorii sociale şi fiscale privilegiate ale populaţiei, cum ar fi: boiernaşii, mazilii, ruptaşii, ruptaşii de vistieria şi ruptaşii de cămară, nu se ştia aproape nimic. În acest scop, la 21 februarie 1824 pe lângă Adunarea Deputaţilor Nobilimii din Basarabia este instituită Comisia Regională pentru întocmirea recensământului fiscal al populaţiei.