Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item „PRIVILEGIAŢII” ÎN STRUCTURA SOCIALĂ A BASARABIEI (1812–1871)(Lexon-Prim, 2023) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the present study, the author discusses the status of being privileged in Bessarabia after the annexation of this territory to the Russian Empire. Showcasing the boiernași, mazils and ruptasi, the author notes that belonging to the status of the “privileged” was of a hereditary nature. By their very name, the boiernași, as well as the mazils, preserved the “memory of being a boyar” and always opted for maintaining their ancestral privileges, as did the other privileged people. The imperial administration did not approve of these social and fiscal categories of society and granted them privileged status only temporarily, preserving, for a certain period of time, the particularities that existed in Moldova. The tendency to standardize the social structure and liquidate the social conditions specific to the Moldavian society was continuous in the sights of the imperial institutions. In accordance with the Regulation on the rights of belonging to the social estates of the inhabitants of Bessarabia of March 10, 1847, the Tsarist authorities made the Bessarabian boiernași equal in rights with the personal nobles of Russia (if the boiernași did not hold administrative positions, they were passed, compulsorily, in the category of mazils), calling them personal nobles from then on, and the mazils and ruptasi in the category of Russian odnodvortsy.Item RECENSĂMÂNTUL FISCAL DIN 1835 – SURSĂ IMPORTANTĂ ÎN STUDIEREA STĂRILOR SOCIALE PRIVILEGIATE DIN BASARABIA (Exemplul boiernaşilor)(2020) Tomuleț, ValentinÎn studiul de față, bazat pe un bogat material de fapt, autorul analizează două tipuri de surse istorice în studierea problemelor demografice și socio-economice ale Basarabiei în epoca modernă - recensămintele (în special recensămintele fiscale) și statisticile oficiale ruse de către instituțiile guvernamentale locale / județene sau centrale / regionale). Autorul constată că cercetarea istorică a istoricului / cercetătorului se bazează pe diverse surse istorice, pe baza cărora analizează întrebarea, recensămintele și statisticile sunt surse importante în studiul istoriei Basarabiei.Item STATUTUL CĂLĂRAŞILOR DIN BASARABIA: DE LA ADMINISTRAŢIA MOLDOVENEASCĂ LA CEA IMPERIALĂ RUSĂ(2013) Tomuleț, ValentinIn this study, based on archival and published sources, the author analyzes the status of călăraşi based on the comparative approach: from the Moldovan traditions to Russian imperial administrative system. The author ascertains that călăraşi as the guards’ category were mentioned in the documentary information from the 16th century, as being recruited among free peasants and obliged to go to war on their own account at the request of the rulers, for tax exemption or the right to use royal estates. Over the centuries this social category has undergone significant changes, not only numerically but also in terms of social and legal status. In the 18th century, with the decline of military importance of the călăraşi, their secondary tasks were maintained and extended. The privileges enjoyed by this social category were confirmed by rulers, similar to the privileged classes of society. Upon annexation of Bessarabia to Russia călăraşi kept only auxiliary functions, being considered serving for local governments, persons responsible for local security; during wartime they participated in the finding of carts for the transportation of supplies, etc. Călăraşi formed indigenous militia and were at the command of ispravnic for the execution of different tasks in the counties. They were employed in the service from the free villages exempted of any drudgery and tax, but a military billeting; they immediately obeyed ispravnic’s orders, receiving annual payment in money. Over time, the tsarist government, as with other social groups, tried to regulate this category of servants, limiting their activities, reducing substantially its number and fitting it into some legal rules. For this purpose there even was made up a regulation statute for călăraşi. Despite privileges enjoyed by this social category, the situation of călăraşi was not easy, as evidenced by the many complaints from them at various district and regional administrative offices.Item NOBILI DIN ŢINUTUL HOTIN ÎN STATISTICA RUSĂ DIN 1820(2018) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the present study, based on a rich factual material, the author analyzes Russian statistics from 1820 as a source in the study of various demographic problems that occurred in Bessarabia in the first decades after annexation. The author ascertains that in the scientific research in the field of historical sciences, the historian/researcher uses different categories of historical sources, based on which he analyzes the question; the statistic is an important source in studying the history of different social categories, including the nobility .Item RECENSĂMINTELE ŞI STATISTICA OFICIALĂ RUSĂ – SURSE IMPORTANTE PENTRU STUDIEREA PROCESELOR DEMOGRAFICE ŞI SITUAŢIEI SOCIAL-ECONOMICE A BASARABIEI ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(2018) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the present study, based on a rich factual material, the author analyzes two types of historical sources in studying of demographic and socio-economic problems of Bessarabia in the modern era - censuses (especially tax censuses) and official Russian statistics (perfected by local district / county or central / regional government institutions). The author ascertains that the historical research of the historian / researcher is based on various historical sources, on the basis of which he analyzes the question, censuses and statistics are important sources in the study of the history of Bessarabia.Item STATISTICA RUSĂ DIN 1820 CA IZVOR ÎN STUDIEREA ŞLEAHTICILOR POLONEZI DIN ŢINUTUL HOTIN(2018) Tomuleț, ValentinThe statistics, dating from 1820, include 145 unpublished documents (in fact, 145 localities from the Hotin land), presented by the Ispravnic of Hotin Land to Regional Government of Bessarabia. The material provides valuable information for the detailed knowledge of the situation of the localities of Hotin Land at that time. Statistics assesses with high accuracy and rigor the number of taxpayers’ families at the time of statistics, the number of nobles and religious faces, and contained detailed information on the total number of males and females in each locality, including males according to category of age. The statistics also contain a special section for females, which included: widows, girls and wives. A diffi cult moment in the analysis of this document is that the statistics contain information only for 145 rural localities. Information is missing for 73 localities, including the town of Hotin and some fairs. More detailed research shows that, in fact, there are missing data for 3 surrounding: Lower Dniester, with 22 localities; Ciuhur, with 25 localities and the Rashkov, with 21 localities. In addition, the statistics from 1820 do not contain information about 5 localities from Soroca land, 3 hamlets from Iasi land and 76 remaining localities from Hotin land, according to the administrativeterritorial division of 1818. The statistics of 1820 are deposited in the Fund of the Regional Bessarabian Government of the National Archives of the Republic of Moldova and have not been published until now. According to data in the statistics of 1820, representatives of Polish szlachta were present in the villages of Sauca and Noua-Suliţa (10 persons), Mărcăuţi (5 persons), Irstov/Otaci (4 persons) and Teleşeu (3 persons). Certainly, some Polish representatives of Polish szlachta lived in the Hotin town and the missing localities, about which, with regret, the statistics from 1820 do not have information. The analysis of the factual material present in the statistics of 1820 allows us to conclude that statistical information exerts a major impact on the understanding the processes occurring in the economic and social life of society, off ers the possibility to know with certain accuracy what happened within a certain period of time and outlines quantifi able assessments on the general development trends of the land and of the region as compared to the previous periods.Item BURGHEZIA BASARABEANĂ ÎN EPOCA MODERNĂ (clasificarea, caracteristica, evoluţia)(2012) Tomuleț, ValentinIn the given article the author defines the bourgeoisie as a social category linked mainly to the urban economy, which has capital and power of decision in capitalist community. The author classifies Bessarabian bourgeoisie of the nineteenth century into four categories: 1. “Economic bourgeoisie” (commercial, usurious, industrial etc.) covers, in fact, those layers that are closely linked to economic activity: the large merchants (the first and second guild), moneylenders, owners of commercial and industrial enterprises etc., which differed from each other not so much in terms of origin and the place they occupy in society, but especially in terms of interests and level of wealth. This social group was formed after the introduction of guild reform in Bessarabia according to the decision of the Governing Senate of 26 September 1830. 2. The second category consisted of state officials. Promoting a national-colonial policy in Bessarabia, tsarism based not only on the small part of local nobility that it could draw to work in various state institutions, but also on foreign element, which consisted mainly of civilian and, especially, military Russian nobility. During the first half of the nineteenth century, when there was an institutional modernization, this layer, ignored by the aristocratic elite, was evolved into the bourgeoisie, and a small part of it was actively involved in economic activities. 3. A special category was formed of people engaged in the intellectual labour, which were representatives of a wide enough range of professions: teachers of different specialities, doctors, lawyers, attorneys, engineers, etc. Characterized by different levels of wages and, respectively, different levels of wealth, this category was also varied and, like the rest, differed only by intellectual training and professional qualifi cation. 4. On the lowest level in the Bessarabian social hierarchy there was “the petty bourgeoisie” (the lower middle class), which brought together representatives of different professions - small traders (the third guild of merchants), artisans of various specialties, owners of grocery stores, inns, coffee shops, and restaurants, chemists, butchers, petty officers, etc. The rapid development of Bessarabia towards capitalism had essentially contributed to social instability of this layer, thus causing their passage up and down the social scale. An example of this is the layer of guild merchants, who were constantly moved from one guild to another and from this social category in the petty bourgeoisie. Analysing the commercial bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie, the author concludes that the peripheral situation of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire has determined clearly discriminatory attitude of central authorities towards the region, which was reflected in the restriction of the rights and opportunities for local residents, mostly Moldovans, through the attraction of foreign merchants and traders from the Russian provinces, providing them with various benefi ts. As a result, the lack of state unity and national independence, political domination and economic exploitation by the Russian Empire directly influenced the genesis of bourgeoisie of Bessarabia. As a result, the bourgeoisie of Bessarabia was established as cosmopolitan social structure consisted largely of alien elements, supported and protected by the imperial administration.Item PROTESTE ŞI REVENDICĂRI ALE MAZILILOR ŞI RUPTAŞILOR ÎN PRIMELE DECENII DUPĂ ANEXAREA BASARABIEI LA IMPERIUL RUS(2016) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on unpublished archival data, the author analyzes forms of protests and riots of mazili and ruptashi from Bessarabia in the first decades after its annexation. The author ascertains that while mazili and ruptashi have enjoyed certain privileges, the imperial administration did not enjoy them and did everything possible to suppress them. This measure coincided with Russian imperial policy to administratively and socially unify the newly annexed province. The process produced based on their gradual elimination, particularly of mazili, from various administrative and economic positions, and the undermining of their social prestige, that caused their discontent, reflected in various forms of rebellion and protest. With time, the rights of mazili were limited, being forced to obey local duties and pay different taxes along with ordinary tax-payers. As a result, some of them for different contraventions were transferred to the category of peasants, while others ruined and dissolved in related social categories of the peasantry. Despite this fact, mazili continued to keep even in the second half of the19th century their distinctive social and spiritual characteristics.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI (ȘI ALTE CATEGORII SOCIALE) ÎN STATISTICA RECENSĂMÂNTULUI POPULAȚIEI DIN 1817(2017) Tomuleț, ValentinAt the time of annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire, the Russian imperial institutions lacked concrete and reliable information on the number of people in the newly annexed province. The lack of statistical data for the entire province was also a problem for the regional administration, recently established in Chisinau, which for various reasons needed these data and constantly informed the imperial authorities about it. The population census became possible only in 1816-1817, when a number of concrete measures were taken in Bessarabia to establish an interim administration, to form of the first administrative and police institutions of power and some changes were made in the territorial administrative and customs and sanitary quarantine systems. In addition, the population had experienced the new regime of domination, the outflow of the population from the province to Moldova over the Prut was partially reduced, and the imperial administration was able to collect the first statistical data on the new annexed province. The results of the population census of 1817 were published in full in Russian, in 1907 by the historian I.N. Halippa, secretary of the Bessarabian Provincial Scientific Archival Committee. Subsequently, in 1920, the census was reproduced, this time in a more concise form, by Tudor Pamfile (only for the Hotin County), in 1929 – by professor of theology and history Constantin N. Tomescu, and in 1933 it was systematized by T. Porucic. The census forms contained the following components: 1. the name of districts and localities; 2. the economic situation of villages according to the category: a) good state, b) middle state (satisfactory), c) insufficient state (unsatisfactory); 3. statistics of the clergy: priests and their widows, deacons and their widows, church clerks and their widows, psalm readers and their widows, and vergers and their widows; 4. mazili and their widows; 5. ruptaşi and their widows; 6. statistics of lower social states: peasants (householders or “tax-paying householders”) and their widows, bachelors and hirelings, forgiven or scutelnici (in this category were included also “servants and servants supervisors, millers, beekeepers, foresters, shepherds and servants in households of estates owners”); 7. The total number of male households; 8. The total number of female households (widows); 9. additional information (which was not always filled in) – to whom belonged the estate of the village (the estate owner’s name), its surface according to the purpose of use – hayfield, plowing area, grassland, forests, and finally – useful buildings; sometimes we find data on old villages, which subsequently disappeared and were forgotten, and the distance between neighboring villages in versts. Statistics from 1817 attests that from the total number of 92 946 households, to mazili belonged 2370 (2.5%) households, to ruptaşi – 717 (0.8%), and to rupta de visterie and rupta de camara – 230 (0.2%) households. Most households of mazili were registered in Orhei county – 1386 (58.5%), followed by Iasi county – 464 (19.6%), Soroca county – 194 (8.2%), Hotin county – 82 (3.5 %), Bender county – 121 (5.1%), Ismail county – 74 (3.1%), Codru county – 46 (1.9), and Greceni county – 3 (0.1%) households. The Orhei County also prevailed in regard to ruptaşi: 512 (71.4%) – ruptaşi and 209 (90.9%) – rupta de visterie and rupta de camara.Item MAZILI ȘI RUPTAȘI ȘTIUTORI DE CARTE DIN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA(2015) Tomuleț, ValentinBased on previously unpublished archival sources the author considers two privileged categories of the population of Bessarabia – mazili and ruptaşi, attempting to show that some of them were literate and enjoyed respect and authority among the lower strata of the population. The number of literate mazili and ruptaşi possible, although quite diffi cult to identify by examination of the numerous petitions, complaints and claims addressed to county, regional and imperial institutions, especially in cases when after the fi scal censuses (1824, 1835, 1850, 1858) some of them for some reasons have not been identifi ed in the social class of mazili or in the fi scal class of ruptaşi. Another similar situation was attested after the entry into force of the Law of 10 March 1847, under which mazili and ruptaşi from Bessarabia were reclassifi ed to the Russian social category of odnodvortsy. Those, who for various reasons were not included in the list of the privileged classes of Bessarabia, had over the years to present documents proving that they belong to privileged social or fi scal categories. In addition to offi cial documents signed by former rulers of Moldavia and the decisions of Provisional Committee of Bessarabia, mazili and ruptaşi were required to present testimonies of 24 persons from the category of ruptaşi and mazili, who could confi rm under oath that the petitioners belong to mazili, ruptaşi or odnodvortsy. It is remarkable that the signatures on the testimonies argue that many of these ruptaşi and mazili were literate or at least were able to basically read and write. The signatures on these documents were made using Romanian Cyrillic alphabet, which means that after 1812 mazili and ruptaşi were taught to read and write at home.