Facultatea de Istorie şi Filosofie / Faculty of History and Philosophy
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Item CIRCULAŢIA MONETARĂ ÎN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMII ANI DUPĂ ANEXAREA EI LA IMPERIUL RUS(CEP USM, 2011) Tomuleţ, ValentinItem CIRCULAŢIA MONETARĂ ÎN BASARABIA ÎN PRIMELE DECENII DUPĂ ANEXAREA EI LA IMPERIUL RUS *(CEP USM, 2011) Tomuleţ, ValentinUsing broadly archival and published documents, the author analyzes the circulation of money in Bessarabia in the first decades after its annexation to the Russian Empire. The author finds that certain periods of time, in Bessarabia were circulating several kinds of currencies, especially Turkish, Austrian and Dutch. But mostly have spread, due to the dependence of Romanian Principalities to the Ottoman Empire, Turkish gold and silver coins with different value, called mahmud, half mahmud, a quarter of mahmud, rubia, rubeichik, beshlik, stambolik, hazelnut, etc. Tsarism intervened in money circulation in Bessarabia, seeking to reduce the exchange rate of these currencies, in favor of Russian rubles. With the introduction in 1828 of the Russian currency as a mean of money circulation throughout Bessarabia, Turkish coins were gradually removed from circulation in the domestic market of Bessarabia. Nevertheless, some Turkish coins circulated in Bessarabia until the 50s of the 19th century.Item BOICOTAREA DE CĂTRE FUNCŢIONARII RUŞI A APLICĂRII LIMBII MOLDOVENEŞTI (ROMÂNE) ÎN PROCEDURA JUDICIARĂ DIN BASARABIA (29 APRILIE 1818 – 29 FEBRUARIE 1828) (Cazul isprăvniciilor Bender şi Hotin)(CEP USM, 2011) Tomuleţ, Valentin; Emilciuc, AndreiBased on original and published archival documents, the authors put in discussion the problem of the employed in the regional and district state institutions Russian officials’ boycott of application of the Romanian (Moldovan) language in court proceedings in Bessarabia. Holding various positions in the district administrations, Russian officials were violating the Regulation of April 29, 1818, which stipulated the application of Romanian and Russian language in court proceedings in Bessarabia, refusing to accept cases in Romanian in these institutions. Original document of November 5,1827, published in the Appendix, reveals in detail the thesis argued by the authors.Item SCHIMBĂRI ÎN STRUCTURA SOCIALĂ A SOCIETĂŢII BASARABENE CONFORM „REGULAMENTULUI” DIN 29 APRILIE 1818(CEP USM, 2008) Tomuleţ, ValentinIn this paper, based on archival and published sources, the changes that occurred in social structure of Bessarabian society after the application in Bessarabia of the Regulation of 29th April 1818 are analyzed. The author ascertains that in order to maintain its dominance in the newly annexed territory tsarism used the already known means of displacement of titular nation, largely applied at the national pe riphery of the Russian empire – the change of demographic structure by colonization of lands with foreigners – Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Gagau- zians, Germans, Greeks, Armenians, Jews etc.; denationalization of Bessarabian Romanians – russification by education, state administration, the policy of dispersal of population; alienation of spiritual values of the nation and composing of a cosmopolite elite, based on a different system of values, heterogeneous for Romanian people etc. The author demonstrates that a special role in accomplishing of social policy, which appeared quite pronounced right after the annexation, was played by the tsarism’s attitude toward different social categories of the population, especially by support of laic and ecclesiastic proprietors, granting of land to Russian nobles, intense colonization of the territory etc., that eventually generated a catenation of protests and demands of peasants and townspeople against this regime. As a result, the baleful consequences of social policy promoted by imperial administration manifested during the whole period of the Russian domination, and the outcomes caused by truncation of the Country and dismembering of the people are still felt even today.Item PROIECTUL REGULAMENTULUI DIN 1819 ŞI TENTATIVA ADMINISTRAŢIEI REGIONALE DIN BASARABIA DE A REGLEMENTA RELAŢIILE DINTRE MOŞIERI ŞI ŢĂRANI(CEP USM, 2008) Tomuleţ, ValentinIn this paper, based on archival sources and published works, the Project of Regulation of 1819 and the tentative of the regional administration of Bessarabia to regulate relati ons between landlords and peasants is analysed. The author makes a succinct characteristic of the peasants’ situation and the main forms of social protest of the peasants of Bes-sarabia in the first years after annexation, determines the ec onomic and juridical statute of the peasants according to the Regulation of 1819 and analyzes the main stipulations of the Project: the personal freedom of the peasants, the obligations of peasant toward the landlord, the ‘liability’ of the landlords toward the peasants, ascertains the statute of the ‘răzeş’ lands and the attribution of the village elder etc. The author ascertains that the peasants’ problem was not a new one for the imperial administration. Alexander I took concrete actions towards discussion and attempt to solve this problem not only within the internal Russian provinces, but also at the national periphery. In Bessarabia the implementation of a solid reform regarding the peasants’ problem was not considered. The imperial administration was studying and familiarizing with economic and social situation in the newly annexed territory. Also it was to be considered the existing peculiarities in the social structure, land property, system of taxation etc. Similarly, the social and juridical statute of every social category should have been established, it was necessary to regulate the relations between landowners and different categories of peasants etc. There with, it was to be taken in consideration that in the 1820s the aristocracy of Bessarabia completed not only with representatives of local privileged classes, but also with representatives of other ethnical communities, especially from Russian internal provinces and from abroad, who received land and state services in Bessarabi a; to be mentioned that others received lands as inheritance in consequence of marriage. The social structure of the peasants of Bessarabia also had changed as a result of organized colonization of the region. An alien structure of many cities and towns of Bessarabia loomed. As a consequence, the tsarism was concerned in maintaining silence in Bessarabia, the territory which was to become attrac- tive enough for the Balkan’s peoples. The review of the Project of Regulation of 1819 demonstrates that it was elaborated on the base of principal thesis of the Regulation of 1803 regarding ‘the free ploughmen’ of Russia: voluntary agreement between peasants and landlords on the matter of the size of the allotment which the peasants should have received from the landlords, the volume of services which the peasants were due to accomplish in landlords’ behalf etc. The author states that the discussions th at were carried on during the years within the regional and imperial governmental circles between the adepts of a moderate course, represented by I.N. Inzov, and those of a reactionary course, represented by M.S. Vorontsov and V.P. Cociubei, delayed the ratification of the Regulation, which was applied, after many draftings only in 1834.