Facultatea de Drept / Faculty of Law

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Start date: 2022Subject: search.filters.subject.human rights

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    Conceptul securităţii dinamice în sistem penitenciar ca garanţia realizării art. 24 alin. (2) din Constituţie [Articol]
    (Editura USM, 2025) Cheptene, Veronica
    Universal and regional standards regulate the adoption of the concept of dynamic security based on the creation of professional relationships between prison staff and prisoners, knowledge of vulnerable aspects for each prisoner, relationships between detainees to prevent conflicts, the use of violence between cellmates, self-harm and suicide attempts of prisoners. It is recommended to introduce methods to prevent disciplinary violations, resolve conflicts through mediation or other alternative methods. The implementation of these recommendations minimizes the number of cases of the use of physical force against persons deprived of liberty. In this study, we analyze the concept of dynamic security, which represents o guarantee of the realization of the art. 24 parag. (2) of the Constitution, that expressly prohibits the application of torture, unhuman and degrading treatment and punishment.
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    Parlamentarismul – fundament conceptual al constituţionalismului european [Articol]
    (Editura USM, 2025) Cuciurca, Doina
    Parliamentarism represents one of the most significant institutional innovations in Europe’s political history, playing a fundamental role in the development of European constitutionalism. This form of political organization combines the principle of representativeness with the separation of powers, providing a framework for democratic governance and the protection of citizens’ rights. European constitutionalism, rooted in the supremacy of the constitution and the protection of fundamental rights, has been deeply influenced by the evolution of parliamentary institutions. The aim of this article is to explore how parliamentarism has contributed to the consolidation of European constitutionalism by examining its origins, fundamental principles, and contemporary challenges. We will analyse the relationship between these two concepts, highlighting the essential role of parliamentary institutions in advancing the rule of law and creating a political framework based on accountability and transparency.
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    Constituţionalismul în Republica Moldova: multidimensionalitatea percepţiei şi previziunea oportunităţilor [Articol]
    (Editura USM, 2025) Guceac, Ion
    The present scientific endeavour is driven by the appreciation of constitutionalism as a phenomenon of primary scientific importance for the science of constitutional law in the Republic of Moldova. Such an assertion requires a clear understanding of the historical retrospective of the formation and development of ideas that underscore the relevance of this phenomenon. According to the conducted study, constitutionalism is presented as a theore- tical, ideological, and practical political and legal system of the constitutional construction of the state, which includes: constitutional legal consciousness as a subjective system of constitutional knowledge and values; constitutional law postulates (including legal principles and definition norms) that reflect the concept and essence of the constitution and the practice of its implementation; constitutional legal relations involving the recognition and protection of hu- man rights and freedoms; and constitutionality, which serves as a barometer of the acts, actions, and inactions of constitutional law subjects.
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    Independența instituției ombudsmanului, condiție indispensabilă a statului de drept și acces la valorile europene
    (CEP USM, 2024) Zubco, Alexandru
    The institution of the Ombudsman plays an important role in strengthening democracy, the rule of law, good administration, the protection and promotion of fundamental human rights and freedoms. It is the duty of the state to support and protect in this way, the Institution of the People's Advocate and to refrain from any action that undermines its independence. The competence of the Ombudsman regarding judicial or administrative authorities should be limited to ensuring the procedural efficiency and administrative functioning of this system. The People's Advocate will not be involved in the judicial system, for example, but will be able to monitor and report on the level of respect for the constitutionally guaranteed right to a fair trial. The ombudsman will not be able to annul an administrative act, but he will be able to support whether or not it contravenes international human rights standards. The ombudsman will not be able to hold civil servants accountable, but through his reports he will be able to reiterate the degree of respect for human rights by the public/administrative institution or any other entity.Obviously, in his mandate, the Ombudsman will not get involved in political, administrative or professional activities incompatible with his independence and impartiality. In this paper, the authors will analyze the level of compliance with the above-mentioned guarantees by the state authorities in the context of precedents from the Republic of Moldova and other states and how effective they are or can be in a state in democratic transition.
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    Provocările actuale privind exercitarea mandatului Avocatului Poporului în contextul angajamentelor de asociere
    (CEP USM, 2024-09-20) Zubco, Alexandru
    On July 1, 2016, the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their member states and the Republic of Moldova entered into force. And, on August 4, 2017, the Association Council approved the EU-Republic of Moldova Association Program. Among the short-term priorities of the program in the field of "political dialogue, good governance and strengthening institutions" was, inter alia, the completion of the reform of the People's Advocate institution, by improving Law no. 52 of April 3, 2014 regarding the People's Advocate (Ombudsman), in in accordance with the recommendations of the Venice Commission, and ensuring its financing according to the Paris Principles. In concrete terms, according to the Association Program, the Government of the Republic of Moldova was to strengthen the function of the People's Advocate, including through amendments to the law on the People's Advocate and the law on whistleblowers, by providing human and financial resources and an appropriate headquarters , in accordance with the provisions of the National Human Rights Action Plan, so that the Ombudsman can carry out his duties effectively. In 2023, the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova adopts urgent amendments to the Law on the People's Advocate, which aims at the inviolability of the Ombudsman, the procedure for appointing the People's Advocate, the conditions for early termination of the mandate, the exclusion of the public competition for the Ombudsman's deputies and the imposition of the duty to pay stamp duties in the case of actions in court. These changes were presented to the Association Council in 2023. Then, through the European Commission's 2023 country report, it is mentioned that the institution of the Ombudsman has been fully consolidated; the institution has "A" status; such as that the Ombudsmen enjoy inviolability when carrying out their duties and that the revocation of both lawyers requires a prior hearing by the full Parliament. At the same time, the European document suggests that the office is financed from the state budget, and its representatives have the right to address the parliament if the resources made available are insufficient to fulfill their mandate. Following the 2023 Expansion Package, it was decided to grant the EU candidate status to the Republic of Moldova. On June 21, 2024, the decree on the initiation of accession negotiations was signed. The respective article shows certain aspects omitted during the period of strengthening the capacities of the Ombudsman Institution, as well as some problematic aspects in achieving the full constitutional mandate of the People's Advocate in the context of European association commitments. The paper shows the importance of implementing the recommendations of the Association Council, of the Venice Commission, of the Universal Periodic Review tool by national authorities in order to have an independent and consolidated institution for a real protection of fundamental rights and freedoms.
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    Componentele manageriale în autoritatea judecătorească
    (CEP USM, 2024-09-20) Doina, Aurica
    La nivel național și internațional, justiția și guvernanța din Republica Moldova, în continuare, este percepută drept un mecanism ineficient în protecția drepturilor fundamentale. Reforma justiției, nu a reușit să crească încrederea în actul justiției. Edificarea unui sistem de justiție echitabil, incoruptibil și independent, sunt, esențiale pentru asigurarea respectării intereselor justițiabilului, consolidarea statului de drept și o mare responsabilitate pentru parcursul european al țării. Creșterea eficienţei autorității judecătorești, implică indiscutabil consolidarea managementului organizaţional și a componentelor manageriale, care sunt esențiale pentru buna funcționare a autorității judecătorești. Această prioritate impune modernizarea legii cu referire la formarea profesională a managerilor în domeniul justiției, clasificarea componentelor manageriale, evaluarea performanțelor profesionale, măsurarea eficienței manageriale. Ca reacție la provocările actuale, o soluție ar fi promovarea codului profesional de bune practici manageriale în domeniul justiției. Acesta ar favoriza aprofundarea cunoștințelor manageriale, înțelegerii instrumentelor profesionale și dezvoltarea abilităților de analiză pentru măsurarea și creșterea calității actului de justiție.
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    Perspective variate asupra audierii vicimei traficului de persoane
    (CEP USM, 2024-11-07) Gavzer, Irina
    Human trafficking is a severe global issue involving sexual exploitation, forced labor, and other forms of abuse. This article examines how victims are interviewed within judicial systems, focusing on practices in Moldova. Current challenges are identified, and solutions are proposed to improve the hearing process, ensuring dignified and respectful treatment of victims. By comparing Moldovan practices, European Court of Human Rights standards, and methods used in the USA, a comprehensive perspective on addressing this issue is offered. The importance of an integrated and transnational approach to combating human trafficking and ensuring empathetic and appropriate victim hearings is emphasized, crucial for their recovery and reintegration into society.
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    Regulations and legal mechanisms at Europe an and national level to ensure humanitarian aid and civil protection
    (CEP USM, 2024-11-07) Oglinda, Evelina
    The topic of assuring and increasing the protection of human rights will always remain in force having a constant goal of development. As an imperious subject of discussion in the Republic of Moldova, I chose to talk about how the European system can be an example for us, even our leader as far as the subject of this research is concerned. The proposed goal is to research in parallel some national mechanisms, but also those of the European Union, in order to be able to make a critical analysis of the methods implemented by the European Union to protect human rights and some advice for national practice, with the aim of highlighting the importance of defense of human rights and the implementation of a modern, European mechanism to raise citizens’ confidence in justice and to suppress their fear of fighting when their rights are violated. So, as a matter of fact, this paper will suggest legal mechanisms to protect and mainly to underline the impact of people’s trust when their rights are properly legally protected.
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    Reglementarea mecanismului naţional de prevenire a torturii: consideraţii generale
    (CEP USM, 2024-11-07) Cheptene, Veronica
    Protocolul Opțional la Convenția ONU împotriva torturii introduce un sistem inovativ de mecanisme de monitorizare a locurilor de detenție, menite să prevină aplicarea relelor tratamente prin determinarea practicilor viciate prezente în locuri de detenție, care pot determina încălcarea drepturilor persoanelor private de libertate. Unul din mecanismele create prin Protocolul Opțional este Mecanismul Național de Prevenire a Torturii. În cadrul studiului dat ne-am pus drept scop examinarea reglementării universale și naționale a Mecanismul Național de Prevenire a Torturii, stabilind rolul acestui mecanism în monitorizarea nivelului de respectare a drepturilor persoanelor private de libertate. Am analizat standardele internaționale relevante, precum Protocolul Opțional la Convenția împotriva torturii, și modul în care acesta este transpus în legislația națională. În cadrul studiului dat, ne-am stabilit următoarele obiective: analiza cadrului legal internațional și național relevant prin care este reglementat și introdus Mecanismul Național de Prevenire a Torturii, analiza transpunerii standardelor internaționale în legislația națională, analiza arhitecturii organelor convenționale privind prevenirea torturii. În concluzie, lucrarea evidențiază importanța activității Mecanismului Național de Prevenire a Torturii, care joacă un rol important în asigurarea respectării drepturilor omului, a protejării integrității fizice și psihice a persoanelor aflate în detenție și în promovarea unui sistem de justiție penală corect și uman.
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    Procesele subculturale – factor represiv al drepturilor omului în penitenciare [Articol]
    (CEP USM, 2024) Samoilenco, Victor
    În zilele noastre, drepturile omului rerpezintă un imperativ oriunde în lume inclusiv în mediul carceral. Din păcate capacitatea organelor de drept de a garanta respectarea lor în mediul carceral este uneori diminuată de factori precum subcultura criminală și procesele negative pe care aceasta le include. Apare necesitatea de a transforma formarea și dezvoltarea profesională a cadrelor penitenciare într-un element-cheie al strategiei combative. În formarea și dezvoltarea profesională a cadrelor penitenciare, drepturile omului trebuie să reprezinte o prioritate și este necesar ca formatorii să acționeze cognitiv și atitudinal. Este la fel importantă cunoaşterea legilor în domeniul drepturilor omului cât şi mecanismele lor de implemnetare. Fără o bună pregătire a cadrelor pnitenciare drepturile omului nu pot fi garantate şi subcultura criminală nu poate fi diminuată.