Browsing by Author "Tomuleț, Valentin"

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    ASPECTE COMPARATIVE ALE EVOLUŢIEI BASARABIEI ŞI NOVOROSIEI. PRIVIRE GENERALĂ ASUPRA SITUAŢIEI DEMOGRAFICE, SOCIALE ŞI ECONOMICE (ANII ’30-’50 AI SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)
    (2019) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the present study, based on a rich and varied documentary material found from various archive funds from the Russian Federation, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, the author takes a general look at the demographic, social and economic situation of Bessarabia compared to the three Gubernyas of Novorossia - Herson, Tau- rida and Ekaterinoslav. The archive data show an obvious trend of population growth in Bessarabia and the three gubernyas of Novorossia, although this trend, for some gubernyas, is not constant. If for the region of Bessarabia and gubernyas of Ekaterinoslav and Taurida, this tendency is positive and evident for the entire period of time, then for the Herson gubernya this trend, for the year 1854, is negative, the diminution being related to the disaster caused to the population by the Crimean war. The increase in the population of the Taurida gu- bernya, directly involved in the Crimean War events, which naturally should had a neg- ative evolution, was due to the immigration from the Russian internal gubernyas of the serf peasants, who hoped to escape from the serfdom by participating in the war. The rhythms of population growth in Bessarabia, the three gubernyas of Novorossia, depended on multiple factors, the natural ones being the colonization with Transdanubian colonists, Germans, etc. and emigrants from Russian internal gubernyas. From a social and economic point of view, both Bessarabia and the gubernyas of Novorossia, where serfdom did not exist or had a weaker influence, where the products from held the character of commodities, as agricultural farms, both of landowners and peasants, involved in the market relations, attesting a the large number of guild merchants, especially of the fi rst two guilds, who maintained close ties with the foreign markets through the ports on the Black Sea coast, the Azov Sea, on the Danube, the place of Bessarabia being quite important, especially in the export of cereals.
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    BASARABIA ÎN SISTEMUL PIEŢEI INTERNE RUSE (1812 - ÎNCEPUTUL ANILOR ’70 AI SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)
    (2022) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In this article, based on archival sources and published works, the author analyzes the stages of the inclusion of Bessarabia into the system of Russian domestic market, and based on features of customs and trade policy promoted by Russian imperial administration in the newly annexed province, determines the specific of this process. Making a brief feature of the period, the author conventionally determines in Russian imperial policy in Bessarabia two periods that correspond, in fact, to the stages of adaptation and inclusion of the region into the Russian domestic market: the first covers 1812-1830, the second – 1831-1868. The first period begins with the annexation of territory between the Prut and the Dniester to the Russian Empire under the Treaty of Bucharest of 16 (28) May 1812 and ends with the liquidation of the Bessarabian autonomy in 1828, the abolition of the Dniester customs cordon and customs unification of the province with Russian gubernias in accordance with the Regulations of 26 September 1830. In turn, the period 1812-1830 is divided conventionally into two stages. The first stage covers 1812-1825, the second covers 1825-1830, when the Regulations on trade with Bessarabia of 17 February 1825 were adopted. The second period covers 1831-1868 and begins with the abolition of local features in administrative structure, after the liquidation of the autonomy of Bessarabia in 1828, the abolition of the Dniester customs cordon and the introduction of the guild reform in Bessarabia in accordance with the regulation of 26 September 1830, and ends with the introduction of the agrarian reform of 1868. The highlighting and characterization of these periods makes it possible to determine the typology and to find out, based on the example of Bessarabia, the main stages in the inclusion of different regions and peoples into the Russian Empire.
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    BASARABIA LA 1828: PROCESE DEMOGRAFICE, STRUCTURI SOCIALE ŞI CONFESIUNI RELIGIOASE (Descrisă într-un memoriu prezentat instituţiilor imperiale ruse) (Partea I)
    (CEP USM, 2022) Tomuleț, Valentin
    The author analyzes a memorandum from 1828, kept in the Chancellery Fund of the governor of Bessarabia (ANRM, F. 2, inv. 1, d. 1199, f. 1-69 verse), presented by the regional institutions of the imperial administration of St. Petersburg, after the suppression of the limited temporary autonomy of Bessarabia, based on the Regulation of February 29, 1828. The memorandum, which includes several tables describing the economic, social and religious situation of Bessarabia in 1828, is accompanied by a rather detailed commentary on the tables, which is more like a report, which the regional institutions presented annually at Petersburg starting with 1842 (at the beginning the data referring to the population included information for entire Bessarabia, and starting with 1847 – for each county center and for every county). The memorandum includes data on the area of the counties, the total number of the population divided by sex, social categories (nobles, clergy, peasants, members of szlachta, foreign colonists, the poor), the number of houses, in addition to those in urban areas included in this statistic, the number of localities in each county, depending on the number of houses (households), the surface of arable land, pastures, forests etc. Of particular interest are the compartments dedicated to the state of cities, different branches of rural and urban households: animal husbandry, agricultural development, handicrafts and various craft branches, factories and plants, internal and external trade, the moral character of the population, denominations. Quite valuable are the detailed comments (69 pages written on both sides) with reference to the 10 tables, attached at the end of the memorandum, which give us the opportunity to understand the processes that took place in Bessarabia during this time.
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    BURGHEZIA BASARABEANĂ ÎN EPOCA MODERNĂ (clasificarea, caracteristica, evoluţia)
    (2012) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the given article the author defines the bourgeoisie as a social category linked mainly to the urban economy, which has capital and power of decision in capitalist community. The author classifies Bessarabian bourgeoisie of the nineteenth century into four categories: 1. “Economic bourgeoisie” (commercial, usurious, industrial etc.) covers, in fact, those layers that are closely linked to economic activity: the large merchants (the first and second guild), moneylenders, owners of commercial and industrial enterprises etc., which differed from each other not so much in terms of origin and the place they occupy in society, but especially in terms of interests and level of wealth. This social group was formed after the introduction of guild reform in Bessarabia according to the decision of the Governing Senate of 26 September 1830. 2. The second category consisted of state officials. Promoting a national-colonial policy in Bessarabia, tsarism based not only on the small part of local nobility that it could draw to work in various state institutions, but also on foreign element, which consisted mainly of civilian and, especially, military Russian nobility. During the first half of the nineteenth century, when there was an institutional modernization, this layer, ignored by the aristocratic elite, was evolved into the bourgeoisie, and a small part of it was actively involved in economic activities. 3. A special category was formed of people engaged in the intellectual labour, which were representatives of a wide enough range of professions: teachers of different specialities, doctors, lawyers, attorneys, engineers, etc. Characterized by different levels of wages and, respectively, different levels of wealth, this category was also varied and, like the rest, differed only by intellectual training and professional qualifi cation. 4. On the lowest level in the Bessarabian social hierarchy there was “the petty bourgeoisie” (the lower middle class), which brought together representatives of different professions - small traders (the third guild of merchants), artisans of various specialties, owners of grocery stores, inns, coffee shops, and restaurants, chemists, butchers, petty officers, etc. The rapid development of Bessarabia towards capitalism had essentially contributed to social instability of this layer, thus causing their passage up and down the social scale. An example of this is the layer of guild merchants, who were constantly moved from one guild to another and from this social category in the petty bourgeoisie. Analysing the commercial bourgeoisie and petty bourgeoisie, the author concludes that the peripheral situation of Bessarabia in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire has determined clearly discriminatory attitude of central authorities towards the region, which was reflected in the restriction of the rights and opportunities for local residents, mostly Moldovans, through the attraction of foreign merchants and traders from the Russian provinces, providing them with various benefi ts. As a result, the lack of state unity and national independence, political domination and economic exploitation by the Russian Empire directly influenced the genesis of bourgeoisie of Bessarabia. As a result, the bourgeoisie of Bessarabia was established as cosmopolitan social structure consisted largely of alien elements, supported and protected by the imperial administration.
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    CELE TREI SECOLE ALE MĂNĂSTIRII HÂNCU
    (Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 2010) Tomuleț, Valentin; Parasca, Pavel
    Monografia dlui Alexei Agachi consacrată istoriei Mănăstirii Hâncu (1677-2010) este, fără îndoială, o lucrare concludentă, care completează într-un mod fericit şirul lucrărilor ce ţin de istoria locaşelor monastice din Republica Moldova ca parte indispensabilă a Bisericii Ortodoxe dintre Prut şi Nistru.
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    COLONII EVREIEŞTI DIN BASARABIA ÎN SECOLUL AL XIX-LEA
    (2011) Tomuleț, Valentin
    The idea to involve Jews in Russia in agricultural work appeared for the first time at the late 18th - early 19th centuries, having been originated from both Russian statesmen and representatives of the Jewish intellectual elite. Among the first ones we can mention Chatsky with his project of 1788, Frizel and especially Derzhavin, among the latter – Nota Notkin (1798) and I.B. Levinson (the late 1820s). The government was also interested in this idea, intending to make the Jews “useful citizens for the benefit of the State” and use them, along with the Germans and Bulgarians, for the colonization of the territories of Novorossiya. The final status of the Jewish farmers was confirmed by a special statute from December 26, 1844, under which they had been provided with a number of privileges: exemption for 10 years from payment of all taxes and financial charges (except personal ones) with respect to the land in use, from payment of all arrears on a previous state, from recruitment for a period of 25 years, etc. Each family received 30 dessiatinas of land. According to the tax census of 1851, in Bessarabia there were registered 1966 Jewish farmers. By 1857 in Bessarabia there were already 13 Jewish colonies: in the counties of Hotin (1), Soroca (6) Iasi (2), Orhei (2), Chisinau (1), and Bender (1). Later the number of Jewish colonies has declined. In 1874 they had only 8 ones (including an uninhabited): 1 colony in the Iasi county and 7 colonies (including the uninhabited one) in the Soroca county. Although the Jewish farmers benefited from certain privileges and some measures were taken for their promotion, household level in the Jewish colonies was quite low, which proved the Jews’ inability of the agricultural labour and their negative attitude towards this branch of economy, since by their nature they tended to trade and crafts.
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    CONSIDERAȚII PRIVIND COMPETENȚELE CONSILIULUI SUPREM AL BASARABIEI (28 august 1816 - 29 februarie 1828)
    (Muzeul Naţional de Arheologie şi Istorie a Moldovei, 2016) Tomuleț, Valentin; Baxan, Angela
    The Supreme Council of the Bessarabian Oblast as the supreme legislative, administrative and judicial authority of Bessarabia was formed from among the members of the two departments of the regional government on August 28, 1816, reorganized (in the source - established) on April 29, 1818 and authorized to carry out the organizational, administrative, economic, and judicial functions. After the Charter on the Formation of the Bessarabian Oblast was adopted on April 29, 1918, the administrative and judicial power in the region was held by the Supreme Council. Its competence includes monitoring and verification of all matters relating to decision-making in the executive, public and economic spheres, criminal and procedural affairs, and civil law; it was as well involved in all matters relating to movable, immovable, and land property. Its decisions, being approved by a majority vote, were not subject to appellate review and implemented immediately. Those who did not agree with a decision of the Supreme Council could appeal against this decision to the State Council through the Minister of Justice or the General Prosecutor. The decisions of special importance, which required further amendments or new resolutions, were considered at the general meeting of the Supreme Council on the proposal of the Governor-General, or, in his absence, the civil governor. The amendments were to be submitted for approval to the State Council by the Governor-General or the General Prosecutor. The Supreme Council consisted of 11 members: five members appointed (Namestnik (who held the office of President), the Governor, Deputy Governor, presidents of criminal and civil courts) and six members elected by the local nobility for a period of 3 years, whose appointment was to be confirmed by the Namestnic of Bessarabia and the regional marshal of the nobility. The Supreme Council Decisions were approved by a quorum of 6 people and were final. The Supreme Council included: the Namestnik of Bessarabia (who held the office of President) – Lieutenant-General M.S. Vorontsov; the civil governor – the official of 4th grade Catacazi; deputy governor – the official of 5th grade Krupensky; the regional marshal of the nobility – the official of 6th grade Sturdza; the president of criminal court – the official of 5th grade Kurik; the president of the civil court – the official of 6th grade Basota as well as 4 deputies: officials of 11th grade Katargi and Donici, the official of 7th grade Pruncul, and the official of 6th grade Kazimir. Particularly important issues and matters relating to changes to the normative acts were considered at plenary meetings of the Supreme Council, on the proposal of the Namestnik of Bessarabia, or, in his absence, on the proposal of the civil governor. Taken decisions, accompanied by an explanatory note of the President of the Council, through the General Prosecutor, were dispatched for the approval to the State Council. If the discussed issues were of minor importance, the presence of the President of the Supreme Council at the meetings was not mandatory. In the absence of the President, the Supreme Council presidency was taken over by the person who held the highest office in the administrative hierarchy of Bessarabia. The Supreme Council of Bessarabia was abolished by the Regulation of February 29, 1828.
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    DOSARELE FAMILIILOR NOBILIARE DIN BASARABIA – SURSĂ IMPORTANTĂ DE PATRIMONIU DOCUMENTAR (ÎN BAZA DOSARULUI FAMILIEI TOMULEŢ)
    (2021) Tomuleț, Valentin
    Following the example of the Tomuleţ family dossier, the author discusses the issue of the dossiers of the Bessarabian noble families as an important source of documentary heritage in studying the noble origin of the people who were to regain the noble status held until 1812. The author notes that the dossiers of the noble families offer the possibility to establish the kinship ties these families had with the noble families from Moldova from the previous centuries, thereby confirming or denying their affiliation to the nobility; the dossiers serve as an important source in the study of the landed property of the Bessarabian nobility, because, in their requests, the nobles had to indicate the estates they owned (either they or their ancestors) until the annexation of this territory to Russia; they serve as an important source in the study of the genealogical tree of noble families, because the Bessarabian landlords were to confirm their nobility by old documents, signed by the officials, which they were to present, as a rule, in the original; the dossiers contain important data regarding the studies that the nobles received during the XIX century and serve as an important source in reflecting the basic stages of the struggle of the Bessarabian nobility for the recovery or confirmation of their noble titles.
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    ELITE ALE BURGHEZIEI BASARABENE: NEGUSTORII ANGROSIŞTI ARMENI ŞI GRECI (1812-1868)
    (2012) Tomuleț, Valentin; Bivol, Victoria
    In the given article, based on the published monographic literature and unpublished archival sources, the authors make a brief description of the concept of the elite and by the examining the Armenian and Greek wholesale merchants raise the issue of the commercial elite of Bessarabia, which was formed shortly after its annexation to the Russian Empire in 1812. The authors state that the genesis and evolution of Bessarabian bourgeoisie in general, and the commercial-industrial in particular, was influenced by multiple factors, both economic and political, both internal and external. A special place in this respect belongs to the immigration of alien merchants to Bessarabia – Armenians, Greek, Jews, Bulgarians, and those from the interior provinces of Russia, many of whom settled in the province for permanent residence, filling the ranks of the commercial bourgeoisie of Bessarabia as a consequence of national-commercial policy promoted by the imperial government in the newly annexed territory. Based on the example of Armenian merchants, but also on the history of Panteleimon Sinadino – the Greek merchant of the first guild from Chisinau, whose commercial capital reached in the 1830-ies the value of 2 million rubles, the authors analyze the process of establishment of commercial bourgeoisie in Bessarabia.
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    ELITE ALE BURGHEZIEI BASARABENE: NEGUSTORII DE GHILDĂ ANGROSIŞTI DIN CHIŞINĂU (1812-1868)
    (2013) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the given article, based on the published monographic literature and unpublished ar chival sources, the author makes a brief description of the “elite” concept and by the examining the Jewish, Armenian and Greek wholesale merchants raise the issue of the commercial elite of Chisinau, which was formed shortly after the annexation of Bessarabia to the Russian Empire in 1812. The author states that the genesis and evolution of Bessarabian bourgeoisie in general, and the commercial-industrial in particular, was influenced by multiple factors, both econo mic and political, both internal and external. A special place in this respect belongs to the immigration of alien merchants to Bessarabia – Armenians, Greek, Jews, Bulgarians, and those from the interior provinces of Russia, many of whom settled in the province for per manent residence, filling the ranks of the commercial bourgeoisie of Bessarabia as a conse quence of national-commercial policy promoted by the imperial government in the newly annexed territory. Based on the example of allogeneic merchants, but also on the history of Panteleimon Sinadino – the Greek merchant of the first guild from Chisinau, whose commer cial capital reached in the 1830-ies the value of 2 million rubles, the authors analyze the pro cess of establishment of commercial bourgeoisie in Chisinau. The author notes that after application in Bessarabia, starting from 1831, of guild struc ture, there is a continuous movement “up” and “down” on the artificial line separating this so cial state – representatives of the second or third merchant guild, enlisted into the category of first guild merchant and merchants of first guild transfer into second or third guild, and ruined merchants enlisted even into the category of petty bourgeoisie. Possibilities to join this social group, both from the elite “top” (from among aristocratic elements or semi-aristocratic – although their number was quite small) and from the “bottom” (from among inferior ele ments – particularly craftsmen and peasants) will grow continuously, becoming real with the strengthening of economic, social and political development of this social category. Moreover, adapting to the new development trends generated by modernization tendencies of social rela tions and influenced by generic factors – economic, demographic, social and political, the elite of the commercial bourgeoisie from Chisinau, in the process of evolution will be quite active, encompassing and, at the same time, rejecting more and more components. As a result, the elite of commercial bourgeoisie in Bessarabia did not form a homogenous whole, neither from the point of view of composition, nor of the sphere of activity and values and way of life. Along with the wholesaler rich commercial bourgeoisie, of the first and second guild, that, in fact, constituted the elite segment of the commercial bourgeoisie in Chisinau, often we can observe small commercial bourgeoisie – of the third guild, much poorer and weaker
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    ELITE ALE BURGHEZIEI COMERCIAL-INDUSTRIALE DIN BASARABIA (1812-1868)
    (CEP USM, 2021) Tomuleț, Valentin; Grajdari, Sorin
    În acest articol, în baza literaturii monografice publicate şi a izvoarelor de arhivă inedite, autorii fac o caracteristică succintă a noţiunii de elită şi în persoana negustorilor angrosişti armeni şi greci pun în discuţie subiectul elitei comerciale din Basarabia, instituite în scurt timp după anexarea ei, în 1812, la Imperiul Rus. Autorii constată că procesul de geneză şi evoluţie a burghezei basarabene, în general, şi a celei comercial-industriale, în particular, a fost generat de numeroşi factori, atât de ordin economic, cât şi de ordin politic, atât interni, cât şi externi. Un loc aparte în acest sens i-a revenit imigraţiei în Basarabia a negustorilor alogeni – armeni, greci, evrei, bulgari şi a celor din guberniile interne ruse, mulţi dintre care s-au transferat cu traiul în provincie, completând rândurile burgheziei comerciale basarabene şi manifestând loialitate faţă de politica naţional-comercială promovată de administraţia imperială în teritoriu nou-anexat.
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    EMANCIPAREA ŢIGANILOR ÎN BASARABIA* EMANCIPATION OF ROMANI PEOPLE IN BESSARABIA
    ("Centrografic" SRL, 2022) Tomuleț, Valentin
    Pe baza unui bogat material factual inedit din arhivă, autorul analizează statutul și procesul de emancipare a sclavilor romi basarabeni, care s-a desfășurat în baza Statutului emis prin decretul Senatului din 2 martie 1861. Statutul proclama că sistemul de iobăgie/sclavie a fost desființat odată pentru totdeauna în Basarabia. Romilor eliberați din această dependență li se acordau drepturi similare țăranilor liberi înscriși în comunele sătești și celor stabiliți pe proprietățile moșierilor. Statutul din 2 martie 1861 nu a schimbat însă substanțial situația și statutul poporului rom din Basarabia, din simplul motiv că o mare parte dintre ei (în special cei din curte și rătăcitori) nu erau fermieri pricepuți, așezați cu greutăți. în comunitățile sătești unde nu au avut de ales decât să urmeze un mod de viață sedentar; de cele mai multe ori au fost întâmpinați la rece de săteni. Drept urmare, unii dintre ei s- au mutat în orașe și orașe, crescând rangul de meșteșugari, lăutari, muncitori sezonieri etc. De aceea, problemele legate de modul tradițional de viață al romilor, de integrarea acestei noi populații libere a Basarabiei în viața rurală și urbană s-a dovedit a fi mult mai dificilă decât se credea inițial.
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    EVOLUŢIA INSTITUŢIILOR PUBLICE LOCALE DIN BASARABIA SUB DOMINAŢIE IMPERIALĂ RUSĂ (PRIMA JUMĂTATE A SECOLULUI AL XIX-LEA)
    (2018) Tomuleț, Valentin
    After the Regulation of February 29, 1828, the limited and provisional autonomy that Bessarabia enjoyed for 10 years was liquidated, and the province was included in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire. Shortly afterwards, on September 26, 1830, the Dniester Customs Cordon was suppressed and transferred to the Prut and Danube, the guild structure was established, the Ismail City Administration was established, and Bessarabia was included in the economic and political system of the Russian Empire. Respectively, these changes necessitated certain changes at the regional, county and local administrative level. If in the central and regional institutions the imperial administration operated more radical changes in local public administration, tsarism was forced, for a certain period of time, to maintain local traditions, actively engaging in its change after the adoption of the Bessarabian Peasants Regulation of January 24, 1834, and liquidating entirely the old system of administration only from January 1, 1861, replacing it with Russian volost’ government.
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    FISCALITATEA MAZILILOR ȘI RUPTAȘILOR DIN BASARABIA SUB REGIM DE DOMINAȚIE ȚARISTĂ (1812-1847)
    (2014) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the present study, without resorting to a broad historical analysis, we consider two categories of privileged population – the mazili and ruptaşi and identify the changes in their social status and the fiscal imposition under the Tsarist rule. Analysis of unpublished archival documents allows us to conclude that mazili represented a social category and ruptaşi – a fiscal one, both of which were inherited by Bessarabia from the Principality of Moldavia For many years they were forced to make significant efforts to confi rm the titles and tax and social status they had before the annexation of the region to the Russian Empire. Although mazili enjoyed certain privileges, imperial administration did not accepted them and did everything possible to suppress this social category, seeing them as a national bourgeois element (national rural bourgeoisie). Tsarism tried to promote the policy begun by Constantine Mavrocordatos, which aimed at limiting the number of privileged social groups, particularly those that did not come from the aristocracy, which, at that time, mazili and ruptaşi were part. These measures were in line with the Russian imperial policy of liquidation of local peculiarities and of social and administrative unification of the newly annexed province. Eventually the rights of mazili were limited; they were required to perform certain duties and pay taxes along with other categories. This becomes evident in the tax censuses, during which mazili and ruptaşi were required to present documents confirming their social and fiscal status. Despite this, the tsarist government used the services of mazili. Due to the special personal qualities – honesty, skills, knowledge, impeccable behavior and ability to cope with any situation, mazili were attracted to different services they were proud of, considering it their privilege. They enjoyed prestige among the local population, and in the case of riots they at the request of the authorities were able to eliminate them without bloodshed. Archival documents show that Russian imperial administration has taken concrete steps to limit the rights and privileges of mazili and ruptaşi in Bessarabia, placing them at the lower levels of the hierarchy – fi rst in the category of odnodvortsy (single homesteaders) and later – in the category of free peasants. As a result, some of them due to lack of documents or because of any violations committed by them were transferred to the category of peasants , while others collapsed and were included in the other categories, related with the peasantry. Nevertheless, mazili continued to retain their distinctive social and spiritual features, even after their transfer to the category of odnodvortsy in 1847.
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    GENEZA BURGHEZIEI BASARABENE SAU CUM AU FOST RATATE POSIBILITATILE CONSTITUIRII UNEI BURGHEZII COMERCIAL-INDUSTRIALE NATIONALE IN BASARABIA (1812 – 1868)
    (Academy of Sciences of Moldova, 2015) Tomuleț, Valentin
    În baza izvoarelor de arhivă inedite, autorul constată că procesul de geneză şi evoluţie a burgheziei basarabene, în general, şi a celei comercial-industriale, în particular, a fost generat de multipli factori, atât de ordin economic, cât şi de ordin politic, atât interni, cât şi externi. Documentele atestă că burghezia comercială din Basarabia nu s-a constituit ca o categorie economică, obiectivă, ci în special, ca una fiscală şi juridică. De aceea aceasta va constitui un element al nomenclatorului fiscal ţarist. Deciziile adoptate de administraţia imperială în politica comercială în anii ’20 – ’30 ai secolului al XIX-lea demonstrează că burghezia comercială basarabeană a fost creată de stat şi era dependentă de el. Ea nu va dispune, ca cea vest-europeană, de anumite drepturi constituţionale. În acelaşi timp, aceasta n-a prezentat o entitate coerentă, delimitată etnic şi social, conştientă de drepturile şi obligaţiunile sale. Constituirea burgheziei comerciale ca stare socială în Basarabia se datorează nu atât proceselor interne – economice şi sociale, nu atât naşterii – genezei şi evoluţiei sale, ci mai mult deciziilor administraţiei imperiale şi regionale.).
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    IDENTITATEA ODNODVORŢILOR DIN BASARABIA (1847-1871)
    (Universitatea de Stat "Bogdan Petriceicu Hașdeu" din Cahul, 2016) Tomuleț, Valentin
    In the present study, the author, based on unpublished archival data concludes that tsarism promoted in the newly annexed province an imperial colonial policy. This can be demonstrated by the attitude the imperial administration had to some privileged categories of the population, especially to „mazili” and „ruptashi”. The author notes that even though „mazili” enjoyed certain privileges, the imperial administration couldn’t agree and did everything possible to suppress this social category. This measure coincided with Russian imperial policy of unifying the administrative and social organization in the newly annexed province. The process produced based on their gradual elimination, particularly of „mazili”, from various administrative and economical functions and undermining their social prestige. With time, the rights of „mazili” were limited, being forced to perform local benefits and pay different dues along with ordinary tax-payers. As a result, some of them, for failure to present in time documents certifying their social origin, or for various infringements, were transferred to the category of peasants, while others ruined and dissolved in related social categories of the peasantry. Despite this, even after its suppression as a social category, „mazili” continued to keep its identity and the distinctive social and spiritual features. If „mazili” had a more compact social and ethnic composition, the structure of „ruptashi” was quite diverse and motley, including local and foreign elements, transferred from abroad to Moldova into rural peasantry, but also from autochthonous townsmen, which were not included in the privileged groups of society, did not have permanent residence and were not enrolled in the category of tax-payers, enjoyed some privileges based on gift cards issued by the ruler. According to legal status, „ruptashi” were divided into three basic categories: „ruptaşi themselves”, pantry „ruptashi” and „ruptashi” of the treasury, which economically and socially differed very little from each other. Although, unlike other categories of peasants, „ruptashi”enjoyed at the beginning, certain privileges, they did not constitute a privileged category Tsarism could rely on, as it was ascertained in the soviet historiography. By time, even those petty privileges they enjoyed, exemptions from local benefits and corporal punishment without trial sentence, were canceled. As a result most of them were ruined and fell into dependence on landowners and the state. But even in such circumstances, by the „Regulation on the rights of property of residents of Bessarabia” of 10 March 1847, „mazili” and „ruptashi” from Bessarabia were liquidated as a social and fiscal category, being included into Russian „odnodvortsy”, which had seriously affected the social and legal state of these social / fiscal categories of the population.
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