Browsing by Author "Duca, Maria"

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ABORDĂRI METODOLOGICE ÎN STUDIUL STRESULUI HIDRIC LA PLANTE
(CEP USM, 2024) Duca, Maria; Clapco, Steliana; Mutu, Ana; Martea, Rodica
Seceta afectează semnificativ creșterea și dezvoltarea plantelor, având un impact negativ asupra productivității culturilor și, respectiv, asupra securității alimentare la nivel mondial. Pentru a prezice răspunsul culturilor agricole la încălzirea globală ulterioară și deficitul de apă și a elabora strategii eficiente de gestionare a riscurilor este nevoie să se înțeleagă, la diverse nivele de organizare, procesele care determină toleranța la mediile nefavorabile. În acest context este important de a folosi modele adecvate de inducere a stresului hidric și de evaluare a reacției de răspuns. Lucrarea prezintă o descriere succintă a abordărilor metodologice utilizate în studiile stresului hidric la plante (experiențe de câmp, sere, laborator; modele experimentale cu utilizarea diferitor tipuri de substraturi; metode distincte de inducere a deficitului de apă), reflectă particularitățile, avantajele și limitările acestora și pune în evidență importanța combinării și adaptării metodelor de analiză în funcție de specia studiată, de mediu și de obiectivele cercetării.
ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR VARIANCE (AMOVA) OF OROBANCHE CUMANA POPULATIONS
(CEP USM, 2022-09-29) Duca, Maria; Mutu, Ana; Bivol, Ina
ASPECTE ALE STATUTULUI OXIDOREDUCĂTOR LA DIFERITE GENOTIPURI DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI ATACATE DE LUPOAIE
(CEP USM, 2007) Duca, Maria; Popescu, Victoria; Lupaşcu, Victor
Accumulation of H2O2 and the activity of catalase in different genotypes of sunflower attacked by broomrape have been analyzed in this work. The accumulation of H2O2 in normal conditions is specified by genotype, being more active in the Xenia variety. The attack by broomrape leads to the intensification of the H2O2 synthesis in the analyzed genotypes, in particular in the Valentino variety. The activity of catalase decreases in attacked plants of the Xenia and Valentino varieties at the level of leaves as a result of the accumulation of SRO. The quantity of H2O2 correlates with the quantity of enzyme, both in normal conditions and in the plants attacked by broomrape.
ASPECTE MODERNE ÎN CERCETAREA PRINCIPALELOR BOLI ALE FLORII-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2021) Burcovschi, Ion; Tabacari, Ruslan; Duca, Maria
Florea-soarelui este una dintre principalele culturi oleaginoase, care este afectată de un număr mare de organisme patogene ce provoacă pierderi în randamentul și calitatea recoltei. Această lucrare prezintă o cuantificare a publicațiilor naționale și internaționale referitoare la principalele boli ale florii-soarelui, în încercarea de a identifica direcțiile de interes ale cercetătorilor din acest domeniu. Se realizează un reviu bibliografic pentru cinci dintre cei mai des întâlniți patogeni ale florii-soarelui: Plasmopara halstedii (P.helianthi), Orobanche cumana, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Duaporthe helianthi, Phoma macdonaldii și se prezintă datele privind răspândirea acestora în diferite zone ale Republicii Moldova pe parcursul ultimilor șase ani.
ASPECTE PRIVIND ESTIMAREA GRADULUI DE STERILITATE A LINIILOR DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2007) Duca, Maria; Port, Angela; Leviţchi, Alexei; Rotaru, Tudor
Monitoring of the seed quality at different stages of plant breeding at sunflower represents a very important element in obtaining high yield hybrids based onCMS-Rfgenetic system. Sunflower represents a protandric plant with a single terminal inflorescence which contains 700-3000 individual hermaphrodite flowers, exposed on the calathidium, making manual emasculation almost impossible. That’s why the utilization of the male sterility was indispensable and necessary for the obtaining of the high level of hybridization at all the stages of sunflower breeding. Wide utilization of maternal lines, with cytoplasmic male sterility, and of paternal lines, with fertility restoring genes Rf, lead to the necessity to observe the stability and homogeneity of parental genotypes.Thus, for the paternal genotypes it is important to verify the presence and the stare of Rf genes, but maintaining male sterility is verified by the level of sterility control. Utilization of PCR-based methods with specific primers allows controlling genotype quality.
ASPECTE PRIVIND IMPACTUL POLUĂRII ASUPRA UNOR SPECII DE ARBORI DIN CINCI ZONE ALE mun. CHIŞINĂU
(CEP USM, 2007) Duca, Maria; Port, Angela; Glijin, Aliona; Teleuţă, Alexandru; Casapu, Olga
To date an unprecedented, rapid change in environmental conditionsis observed, which is likely to override the adaptive potential of plants, especially that of tree species with their long reproductive cycles. These environmental changes mainly originate from anthropogenic activities, which have caused air and soil pollution, acid precipitation, soil degradation, salinity, increasing UV-B radiation, climatechange, etc. Some of these stress factors may fluctuate signifi-cantly in intensity and duration on time scales of hours, days, seasons, or years;others may change slowly and gradually affect plant growth conditions. The aim of this review was to investigate the physiological response of three species of trees Acer platanoides L; Populus nigra and Aesculus hippocastanum L. from five sites zones with different pollution. There were analysed the following indices: dry weight and total water quantity, chlorophylls, carotenes and total proteins amount that gradually were affected. The significant variations of chlorophylls concentration demonstrate that the photosynthetic system is highly sensible to pollution factors. In conclusion, according to our assays the studied species of trees are stress tolerant to pollutants and can be used as bioindicators.
DISCRIMINATING ABILITY OF ISSR MARKERS IN THE REVEALING OF THE GENETIC POLYMORPHISM IN TURKISH BROOMRAPE POPULATIONS
(Trakya University Publisher, 2021-08-29) Duca, Maria; Bivol, Ina
In the present study, the analysis of the informativity level and discriminatory capacity for 14 ISSR-markers to identify polymorphism of seven Orobanche cumana populations from different geographical regions of Turkey was performed. ISSR markers utility was assessed by calculating of different parameters such as the polymorphism information content (PIC), observed and effective number of alleles (Na and Ne), Nei's and Shannon diversity indexes (H and I), number and percentage of polymorphic loci, resolving power (Rp), Simpson's coefficient (Hj). Out of 207 amplicons generated by microsatellites primers, 195 were found polymorphic (94.29%) and 12 were monomorphic with size range from 341 to 5353 bp. The average number of amplified bands was 14.79 fragments per primer. The PIC values for 14 primers ranged from 0.18 ((GATA)4) to 0.41 ((AG)8YA) with the mean value 0.34 Eight primers ((AG)8YA, (CT)8TC, BC807, BC841, (CA)6AC, (CTC)4RC, (CAG)5, BC835) were considered the most effective. The mean I value was 0.52 and ranged from 0.32 ((GATA)4) to 0.6 ((AG)8YA). The (AG)8YA, (CT)8TC, BC807, BC841, (CTC)4RC, (CA)6AC and (CAG)5 primers had the highest I values. The Rp ranged from 5.9 for primer (CA)6RG to 22.59 for primer (AG)8YA. Nine of the ISSR primers ((AG)8YA, (CTC)4RC, BC810, BC807, BC841, BC835, (CAG)5, BC857 and (CT)8TC) possessed high Rp values (22.59, 19.12, 16.83, 16.54, 16.49, 14.59, 13.32, 12.88 and 11.37, respectively) and were able to distinguish all 41genotypes. The higher discrimination potential calculating by the Simpson’s coefficient had primer BC810 (0.33) and the lower (CA)6RG (0.01), the mean value for all primers was 0.18. According to ISSR data analysis, the high proportion of the genetic variability (94.29%) was due to interpopulation variation and 45.82% of the diversity by cause of intrapopulation variations. In conclusion, in this comparative study of the discrimination capacity of 14 ISSR markers using to broomrape population genetic analysis, the tri- ((CTC)4RC, (CAG)5) and dinucleotide ((AG)8YA, BC807, BC841, (CT)8TC) primers proved more informative than tetranucleotide repeats. Moreover, these primers revealed the highest values for all analyzed polymorphism information indexes of genetic diversity (number of amplicons per primer from 15 to 28, level of polymorphism more than 88.89%, PIC≥0.36, I≥0.53, Hj≥0.11 and Rp≥11.37) for Turkish broomrape populations. The analysis of ISSR-markers showed that this type of marker is applicable for the assessment of intra- and interpopulation genetic polymorphism for species O. cumana.
EFECTUL INFECȚIEI CU LUPOAIE ASUPRA RECOLTEI DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI ÎN CONDIȚIILE REPUBLICII MOLDOVA
(CEP USM, 2024) Duca, Maria; Burcovschi, Ion; Clapco, Steliana; Martea, Rodica; Gîscă, Ion; Machedon, Mihail
Orobanche cumana Wallr. is one of the main biotic factors that cause considerable losses to the sunflower yield in the majority of growing countries. The parasite significantly affects productivity by disrupting the processes of normal crop development. The present study was focused on the comparative evaluation of the harvest of 11 hybrids characterized by different degrees of susceptibility to infection, cultivated in 4 localities for 2 years. As a result, the losses caused by the effect of the parasite were estimated quantitatively depending on the genotype and the condi tions of the cultivation environment.
EFFICIENCY OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS IN GENOTYPING OF OROBANCHE CUMANA POPULATIONS
(Iasi University of Life Sciences, 2021-10-21) Mutu, Ana; Clapco, Steliana; Duca, Maria
Microsatellites or simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers are widely dispersed across the genome, have a codominant and multiallelic nature, high variability and informativeness, and a specific chromosomal location. For this reason, they are playing a significant role in different fundamental and applicable fields, including genetic studies at the individual, population, species levels, and molecular breeding programs. In this study, the utility of 15 microsatellite markers in discrimination of 33 Orobanche cumana (broomrape) populations from different geographical locations was assessed: Republic of Moldova (11 populations), Romania (1), Bulgaria (4), Serbia (7), Turkey (7) and China (3). The PCR amplification products obtained showed differences by number and size depending on the markers used (3 and 16 alleles). A total of 110 alleles with fragment sizes ranged from 76-343 bp were determined. The evaluation of the genetic polymorphism of SSR markers was performed by the effective number of alleles per locus (Ne) with an average of 5.31, Polymorphic Information Content index (PIC) – 0.75, Nei's genetic diversity index (H) – 0.78 and, Resolving Power index (Rp) – 5.79. High values of all indices revealed the significant informative capacity and effectiveness of markers studied. At the same time, most markers showed PIC values higher than 0.5, indicating a high polymorphism in O. cumana populations. Seven microsatellite markers (Ocum-052, Ocum-059, Ocum-074, Ocum-081, Ocum-087, Ocum-196, Ocum-197) were selected based on the analyzed statistical parameters, suggesting that these markers can efficiently measure genetic diversity in broomrape. Based on the Rp index and PIC values of these 15 SSR markers, genetic diversity of Turkish (Rp: 4.774; PIC: 0,722) and Moldavian (Rp: 4.394; PIC: 0,716) Orobanche cumana populations was higher than in other populations. However, the studied microsatellite (SSR) markers system characterized very well the genetic structure of all O. cumana populations included in this study. Selected markers could eventually be useful for breeders and sunflower seed producers to improve their control strategies for this parasitic plant.
EFICIENȚA UNOR MARCHERI MOLECULARI ÎN DISCRIMINAREA POPULAȚIILOR DE LUPOAIE ORIGINARE DIN CHINA
(Tipografia „Print Caro”, 2021) Duca, Maria; Mutu, Ana; Bivol, Ina; Clapco, Steliana
In this study, the effectiveness of different types of molecular markers in assessing genetic diversity of populations of O. cumana from China was determined. ISSR and SSR markers detected different levels of genetic variability among and within broomrape populations. SSR markers analysis showed high level of genetic variation within the populations as revealed by high average values of Nei's gene diversity (H=0,75) and Shannon's information index (I=1,44), while genotyping with ISSR markers showed greater ability to discriminate genotypes according to Resolving power (Rp=7,24). Thus, the combined use of ISSR and SSR markers allowed the detection of higher polymorphism than either set of marker alone.
ELABORAREA PROCEDEULUI DE EXTRAGERE A HELIANTININEI DIN SEMINŢELE DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2007) Duca, Maria; Lapteva, Natalia; Leviţchi, Alexei
The necessity of elaboration of a rapid method of helianthinin extract obtaining from a single seed is determined by the aim of individual analysis of homogeneity / polymorphism in sunflower populations. Thus, all the stages of the procedure should assure good quality of extracted protein and a sufficient protein quantity for several electrophoretic analyses and, besides, should to be easy in handling for a huge amount of samplings at hundred order.
EVALUATION OF POLYMORPHISM INFORMATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN BROOMRAPE FROM BULGARIA
(CEP USM, 2022-09-29) Duca, Maria; Bivol, Ina
THE EVOLUTION OF OROBANCHE CUMANA RACES IN SUNFLOWER CROP IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
(Trakya University Publisher, 2021-09-01) Duca, Maria; Clapco, Steliana
One of the most critical constraints for sunflower production in the majority of European countries, as well as in the Middle East and Asia is broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) – non-photosynthetic, obligatory, root parasitic plant. The continuous introduction of new resistant sunflower hybrids exerts a selection pressure on broomrape populations evolution and contribute to the development of new more virulent races that overcome sunflower genetic resistance. Thus, until now, eight races of O. cumana, A through H, have been identified. In this study, the chronology of broomrape races occurrence in sunflower crop in the Republic of Moldova was analysed. In Moldova sunflower broomrape was firstly attested at the end of the 19th century. In 1937 a more virulent race B was identified especially in the regions situated along the border with Romania. Later, at the beginning of 1970s, a new biotype that infested sunflower genotypes carrying genes of resistance to races A and B occurred. This new race was called the Moldovan race or race C and was found preferentially in the central part of the country. In early 2000s the presence of races D, E and F in Moldovan sunflower fields was reported. The most spread were the less virulent races A, B and D, which were found in all part of the country, followed by race E detected in the South and Centre and more virulent race F, which was identified only in the Central part. In few years, the study of racial status demonstrated the presence in the south of the country of a new highly virulent race G, which overcame all known genes of resistance. It has been established that the populations from the northern part of the Republic of Moldova belonged predominantly to race E, those from the central part of the republic – to race F and southern populations were attributed to the race G. Our greenhouse test carried out in 2014 revealed, for the first time, the presence in sunflower fields of the most aggressive race H. This pathotype was found especially in the south and centre and sporadically in the north. A research performed recently (2019-2020) showed the occurrence of new highly aggressive biotypes able to infest even the genotypes considered resistant to the most virulent race H. According to the results, in a short period of time new aggressive races of O. cumana occurred and spread rapidly over all Moldovan sunflower growing regions, the most virulent races G and H becoming dominant.
FACTORI DE MEDIU ASOCIAȚI CU INCIDENŢA PATOGENILOR LA CULTURA DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2021) Duca, Maria; Clapco, Steliana; Burcovschi, Ion; Tabacari, Ruslan; Domenco, Rodion
Prezentul studiu s-a axat pe analiza influenței unor factori de mediu (temperatura și cantitatea de precipitații) asupra incidenței patogenilor florii-soarelui în diferite zone ale Republicii Moldova. Au fost analizate date privind infecția naturală a unui set de 7-15 hibrizi de floarea-soarelui cultivați în diferite zone pedoclimatice (Nord – Visoca, Soroca; Pelinia, Drochia; Centru – Băcioi, Chișinău; Sud – Grigorievca, Căușeni; Svetlâi, Comrat), în perioada 2015-2020, fiind relevată prevalența tulpinilor fungice în partea de nord și în cea de centru ale țării, caracterizate prin cele mai mari cantități de precipitații, și a angiospermei lupoaia – preferențial în partea de sud, cu indici de temperatură mai înalți.
FACTORI DE TRANSCRIPȚIE IMPLICAȚI ÎN RĂSPUNSUL FLORII-SOARELUI LA ACȚIUNEA LUPOIAEI
(2022) Duca, Maria; Martea, Rodica; Port, Angela; Clapco, Steliana
The present research is focused on bioinformatics and genes expression analysis aiming to elucidate new aspects of resistance mechanisms in the experimental model of the sunflower-broomrape interaction. The qPCR analysis of WHY1, TGA2 and TGA5 transcription factors revealed transient, oscillating changes in the accumulation of mRNA in plants cultivated in the absence and presence of pathogen in dynamics. The highest level of relative ex- pression of WHY1 factor was attested in the roots of host plant during the stage of aerial shoots development (67 days), contrary to factors belonging to TGA family, which showed minimal values of the relative expression at the same stage of development. In the most of cases WHY1, TGA2 and TGA5 genes were found to be suppressed in the roots of sunflower-resistant genotypes under biotic stress. The higher number of gene interactions is due to co-expression in the case of WHY1 (93.68 %) and the presence of common protein domains in the case of TGA family factors (70 %). Associations between the NPR1 gene with TGA2 (46 connections) and TGA5 (33 interactions) have also been identified. The highest fluctuations in the level of relative expression of the NPR1 gene (key element in the manifestation of plant resistance) are found in the sensitive genotype Performer, in the case of noninfested plants and in resistant hybrid PR64LE20 under biotic stress.
GENETICA REZISTENŢEI FLORII-SOARELUI LA LUPOAIE ( OROBANCHE CUMANA WALLR.)
(Academia de Ştiinţe a Moldovei, 2020) Clapco, Steliana; Duca, Maria
The angiosperm Orobanche cumana Wallr. (broomrape) is an obligatory root parasite, specific to sunflower crop. The main strategy to ensure the reduction of the negative impact of broomrape remains to be the development of resistant genotypes. This paper represents a synthetic analysis of the data related to sunflower genes for resistance to broomrape races, mapping of major genes and quantitative traits loci (QTL) with minor effects in resistance, as well as vertical and horizontal resistance mechanisms, in general, and the function of the genes involved in resistance, in particular. The study highlights the relevance of genetico-molecular, biochemical and physiological analyzes in this field and the importance of breeding programs focused on the development of sunflower genotypes incorporating multiple resistance genes in order to achieve the durable resistance.
GENOTIPAREA POPULAȚIILOR DE OROBANCHE CUMANA Wallr. CU MARCHERI MICROSATELIȚI SSR
(CEP USM, 2022) Duca, Maria; Mutu, Ana; Clapco, Steliana
Lucrarea a vizat evaluarea diversității genetice în cadrul a 33 de populații de lupoaie (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) cu origine geografică diferită, prin genotiparea cu 14 marcheri microsateliți SSR. Majoritatea marcherilor (Ocum-052, Ocum-059, Ocum-070, Ocum-081, Ocum-087, Ocum-160, Ocum-196 și Ocum-197) au pus în evidență o diversitate accentuată atât la nivel inter-, intrapopulațional, cât și regional. În cadrul populațiilor de lupoaie investigate a fost relevată prezența a 153 de profile molecular-genetice și a 98 de alele. Lungimea secvențelor nucleotidice SSR amplificate a variat de la 76 la 343 pb. Populațiile de lupoaie din Taraclia, Svetlîi, Izbiște, Căzănești, Prepelița, Congaz (Republica Moldova), Radnevo, Rosenova (Bulgaria), Hohott (China), Keșan, Merkez, Tracia (Turcia) și OR-SR43 (Serbia) s-au remarcat printr-un nivel ridicat de variabilitate genetică intrapopulațională. Populațiile provenite din Bulgaria și Serbia, după numărul de profile moleculare (1-3) și media numărului total de alele (3,67 – Bulgaria; 3,63 – Serbia) s-au dovedit a fi relativ mai omogene comparativ cu cele colectate din Republica Moldova (1-10 profile; media – 3,82), Turcia (1-6 profile; media – 4,02) și China (1-9 profile; media – 4,72).
IDENTIFICAREA GRADULUI DE REZISTENŢĂ LA LUPOAIE (RASA E) ÎN CADRUL UNOR GENOTIPURI DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2008) Duca, Maria; Glijin, Aliona; Popescu, Victoria
Molecular markers linked to broomrape resistance genes would permit a better understanding of genetic determinism of broomrape resistance in sunflower and f acilitate early selection by screening the presence of a few specific DNA markers. We have provided analysis of 29 sunflower lines with SCAR marker RTS05 linked to the sunflower Or5 locus conferring resistance to broomrape that belong to race E. Identification of 650 bp amplicon at 27 genotypes reveal the presence of Or5 gene, missing of this amplified product at Xenia ♀ and cytoplasmic male sterile genotype # 7 suggest the susceptibility to race E.
IMPACTUL LUPOAIEI ASUPRA UNOR INDICI DE PRODUCTIVITATE LA HIBRIZII DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI
(CEP USM, 2022) Martea, Rodica; Rîşnoveanu, Luxiţa; Gisca, Ion; Clapco, Steliana; Duca, Maria
Orobanche cumana este o problemă majoră pentru agroecosistemele de floarea-soarelui de mai bine de 100 de ani. Parazitul atacă cultura în întreaga lume, perturbând dezvoltarea florii-soarelui și afectând esențial parametrii cantitativi de productivitate (lungimea sistemului radicular, suprafața foliară, înălțimea plantei, diametrul calatidiului, greutatea totală a achenelor per plantă etc.) și calitatea semințelor (randamentul și calitatea uleiului, conținutul de proteine și grăsimi în semințe). Prezentul studiu s-a axat pe evaluarea unor indici de productivitate (greutatea a 1000 de semințe, masa hectolitrică) la hibrizi experimentali, autohtoni, de floarea-soarelui cultivați în câmpuri natural infestate cu lupoaie. Drept rezultat au fost puse în evidență corelații negative puternice între greutatea a 1000 de semințe și intensitatea atacului, precum și recolta de floarea-soarelui și numărul de atașamente de O. cumana per plantă gazdă.
IMPACTUL VALURILOR DE CĂLDURĂ ȘI A SECETELOR DIN ULTIMELE DOUĂ DECENII ASUPRA ROADEI DE FLOAREA-SOARELUI ÎN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
(CEP USM, 2023-02-13) Boian, Ilie; Domenco, Rodion; Duca, Maria
In the present study, with the help of modern statistical programs, the processing and analysis of factual data regarding weather and climate conditions in the Republic of Moldova and the size of the sunflower crop for the period 2001-2021 was carried out. Thus, it was established that the average air temperatures during the vegetation period during the years 2001-2020 oscillated between 17.1 and 20.4°C heat, and the average amounts of atmospheric precipitation during that period, oscillated between 190 and 416 mm. The analysis of climate indices for the evaluation of droughts in the Republic of Moldova for the period of 2001-2020 demonstrated that the droughts of 2007, 2012, 2015 and 2020 according to intensity were strong and very strong, and according to the occupied surface (approx. 80-90% of the territory of the republic) were catastrophic. Thus, the annual global production of sunflowers in the period 2001-2021 varied within very large limits, from 160 thousand tons in 2007 to 811 thousand tons in 2017 and 2019. Also, the impact of strong droughts and very strong from the years 2007, 2012, 2015 and 2020 on the productivity of the sunflower crop at country level.