Browsing by Author "Cazac, Octavian"

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CONCEPTUL CODULUI CIVIL AL REPUBLICII MOLDOVA ASUPRA EFECTELOR JURIDICE ALE REZOLUŢIUNII CONTRACTULUI: RETROACTIVITATE SAU RAPORT DE LICHIDARE
(2012) Cazac, Octavian
This article examines the nature of the legal effects of termination of contracts under the Moldovan Civil Code: (i) is it retrospective (ex tunc), and the contract is deemed never to have existed as in case of nullity, or (ii) whether the contracts per se remains unaffected but the parties enter into a liquidation relationship (ex nunc). In doing so, we examine the classical theory of retrospective effective endorsed by the French and Romanian legal systems and legal doctrine. Originating in the idea that termination is a condition subsequent, it treats the terminated contract as non-existent and, similar to nullity, the rules of unjustified enrichment apply in the restitution of past performances. Its weaknesses are the poor protection of third party rights and the inappropriateness of the rules of unjustified enrichment for the disassembly of the terminated contractual relationship. After reviewing the German doctrine of liquidation relationship, we arrive at the conclusion that the Moldovan Civil Code, giving its deep inspiration of the provisions of the German Civil Code (BGB), took over the said theory. Under this theory, all obligations of the parties end and a new, inversed relationship arises, third party rights are protected such that if the received performance cannot be returned or was encumbered, then a duty to pay damages will step in in lieu of in-kind restitution. This theory also better explains the foundation of the entitled party’s right to seek damages for breach of contract from the party at guilt.
CULPA DEBITORULUI ÎN NEEXECUTAREA OBLIGAŢIEI CA O CONDIŢIE DE REZOLUŢIUNE A CONTRACTULUI
(2012) Cazac, Octavian
Classical contract theory – as promoted by French and Romanian legal doctrine – dictates that the debtor’s fault in the breach of contract is a mandatory condition to the creditor’s right of termination. It supports that, in such a scenario, a party may not terminate the contract, but rather it ends ipso legem. This approach is the product of confusion between the right to damages for breach and the right to terminate, which are completely separate legal remedies. After having analysed the provisions of the Moldovan Civil Code and the trend in the principal European jurisdictions, the CISG as well as the Draft Common Frame of Reference, the author concludes that the classical theory is overly simplistic and ignores the situation of temporary or partial impossibility for which modern legal systems – such as the German or the Italian civil codes – do grant a right of termination. We support that the remedy of termination should be made available to the creditor independent of the debtor’s fault and based solely on the substantial test of fundamental breach of contract or the expiration of an additional period to perform (the German-inspired Nachfrist).
DREPTUL CREDITORULUI DE A ALEGE REZOLUŢIUNEA ORI MENŢINEREA CONTRACTULUI ŞI LIMITELE ACESTUI DREPTT
(2012) Cazac, Octavian
This study covers the legal position of the contractual party to whom a right of termination of the contract has accrued and who is now to make its election between terminating the contract or asserting and enforcing it against the other party. Under Moldovan law termination of contract does not occur automatically (unless the terms of the contract clearly mandate an automatic termination upon the occurrence of a certain event, such as a breach by a party), but rather the party entitled should declare the contract terminated. Once the right of termination has accrued (usually under restrictive conditions of the law) the entitled party is not bound by the observance of any hierarchy in the system of remedies. In spite of such right being purely discretionary, several legal limitations must be observed by the party entitled to terminate, such as whether it issued a Nachfrist to the breaching party; the entitled party is limited in time by a general requirement of exercising within a reasonable term, but not later than the expiration of the applicable statute of limitations etc.
DREPTUL DE PRECIPUT AL SOȚULUI SUPRAVIEȚUITOR
(CEP USM, 2020) Cazac, Octavian
One of the novelties of the new Moldovan succession law, modernized on 1 March 2019, is the right of the surviving spouse to a preferential benefit in respect of certain pieces of furniture and household objects that have been affected to the common use of the spouses. Provided by art. 2186 of the Civil Code, it is inspired by §1932 of the German Civil Code, which served as the basis for the entire book 4 (Inheritance) of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova. The new legal position of the surviving spouse in the modernized successor law of the Republic of Moldova reflects the importance that the legislator attaches to the proection of the emotional state and personality of the surviving spouse, already affected by the deceased spouse’s death, by preventing the loss of the daily living environment. This preferential benefit plays a symbolic role, but also avoids the trivial disputes between the heirs regarding the objects that are usually already used-up, but have created the common living framework of the former spouses.
SUPERFICIA – DREPT REAL LIMITAT COMPLEX
(CEP USM, 2020) Cazac, Octavian
TOWARDS A COMPREHENSIVE CONCEPT OF TERMINATION OF CONTRACTS
(2012) Cazac, Octavian
În prezentul articol examinăm accepţiunile termenului rezoluţiunii şi rezilierii contractului, diferitele definiţii propuse de doctrina mai multor jurisdicţii, şi ne expunem în susţinerea tendinţei moderne a unui concept atotcuprinzător al rezoluţiunii contractului. În mod tradiţional rezoluţiunea şi rezilierea este privită în trei accepţiuni: (1) drept subiectiv al părţii contractante de a declara ori cere rezoluţiunea sau rezilierea; (2) actul prin care partea contractantă declară sau cere rezoluţiunea sau rezilierea şi astfel îşi exercită dreptul subiectiv nominalizat; (3) rezultatul exercitării dreptului subiectiv asupra raporturilor contractuale. În sensul său de drept subiectiv, dreptul la rezoluţiune este un drept potestativ, întrucât el oferă posibilitatea de a modifica o situaţie preexistentă, şi se exercită prin intermediul unei manifestări unilaterale de voinţă a părţii îndreptăţite. În teoria clasică a doctrinei franceze şi româneşti, rezoluţiunea este văzută că o „sancţiune a neexecutării culpabile” a contractului sinalagmatic, care constă în desfiinţarea acestuia cu efect retroactiv. Rezoluţiunea intervine doar în cazul unei neexecutări culpabile, iar desfiinţarea contractului pe motiv de imposibilitate fortuită nu intră sub incidenţa rezoluţiunii. Doctrina europeană modernă analizată de către autor acceptă astăzi ideea potrivit căreia rezoluţiunea pentru neexecutare reprezintă un remediu obiectiv pentru neexecutarea obligaţiei, independent de motivele care au determinat-o; şi independent de imputabilitate. Suplimentar, acest remediu există şi fără vreo încălcare, în special în cazurile în care dreptul de rezoluţiune este rezervat prin contract. Autorul conchide că rezoluţiunea este o instituţie funcţională; în fiecare caz ea duce la stingerea raporturilor obligaţionale şi apariţie unui raport de lichidare. Temeiurile rezoluţiunii şi forma de exercitare a rezoluţiunii sunt variate. De regulă, un doctrinar va defini rezoluţiunea prin prisma unuia dintre temeiurile rezoluţiunii. Această definiţie însă nu va corespunde cu celelalte temeiuri ale rezoluţiunii. Patogenia raporturilor contractuale este prea variată. Totodată, rezoluţiunea poate opera şi fără patogenie, la discreţia unei părţi contractante ce şi-a rezervat dreptul de rezoluţiune ori reziliere a contractului.